Abundances of the elements (data page)#Sun and solar system
{{Short description|none}}
{{main|Abundance of the chemical elements}}
File:element_abundance_earth_ppm_chart.svg cube of relative abundance by mass of elements of the entire Earth down to around 1 ppm]]
Earth bulk continental crust and upper continental crust
- C1 — Crust: CRC Handbook
- C2 — Crust: Kaye and Laby
- C3 — Crust: Greenwood
- C4 — Crust: Ahrens (Taylor)
- C5 — Crust: Ahrens (Wänke)
- C6 — Crust: Ahrens (Weaver)
- U1 — Upper crust: Ahrens (Taylor)
- U2 — Upper crust: Ahrens (Shaw)
| class="wikitable sortable" style="white-space:nowrap" |
| +Mass fraction, in kg/kg |
| Element
! data-sort-type="number"|C1 ! data-sort-type="number"|C2 ! data-sort-type="number"|C3 ! data-sort-type="number"|C4 ! data-sort-type="number"|C5 ! data-sort-type="number"|C6 ! data-sort-type="number"|U1 ! data-sort-type="number"|U2 |
|---|
| 01 H hydrogen
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0014"| 1.40×10−3 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00152"| 1.520×10−3 | | | | | |
| 02 He helium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000800"| 8×10−9 | | | | | | | |
| 03 Li lithium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000020"| 2.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000020"| 2.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000018"| 1.8×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000013"| 1.3×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000137"| 1.37×10−5 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000020"| 2.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000022"| 2.2×10−5 |
| 04 Be beryllium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000028"| 2.8×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000020"| 2.0×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000020"| 2×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000015"| 1.500×10−6 | | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000030"| 3.000×10−6 | |
| 05 B boron
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000010"| 1.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000070"| 7.0×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000090"| 9×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000010"| 1.0000×10−5 | | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000150"| 1.5000×10−5 | |
| 06 C carbon
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00020"| 2.00×10−4 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000180"| 1.80×10−4 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.003760"| 3.76×10−3 | | | |
| 07 N nitrogen
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000019"| 1.9×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000020"| 2.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000019"| 1.9×10−5 | | | | | |
| 08 O oxygen
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.461"| 4.61×10−1 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.370"| 3.7×10−1 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.455"| 4.55000×10−1 | | | | | |
| 09 F fluorine
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000585"| 5.85×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00046"| 4.6×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000544"| 5.44×10−4 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000525"| 5.25×10−4 | | | |
| 10 Ne neon
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000050"| 5×10−9 | | | | | | | |
| 11 Na sodium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0236"| 2.36×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.023"| 2.3×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.027"| 2.2700×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.023"| 2.3000×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0244"| 2.4400×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.031"| 3.1000×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0289"| 2.89×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0257"| 2.57×10−2 |
| 12 Mg magnesium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0233"| 2.33×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.028"| 2.8×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.02764"| 2.7640×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.032"| 3.20×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0237"| 2.37×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0169"| 1.69×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0133"| 1.33×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0135"| 1.35×10−2 |
| 13 Al aluminium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0823"| 8.23×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.08"| 8.0×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.083"| 8.3000×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0841"| 8.4100×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.08305"| 8.3050×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0852"| 8.5200×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0804"| 8.0400×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0774"| 7.7400×10−2 |
| 14 Si silicon
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.282"| 2.82×10−1 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.27"| 2.7×10−1 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.272"| 2.72000×10−1 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.2677"| 2.677×10−1 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.281"| 2.81×10−1 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.295"| 2.95×10−1 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.308"| 3.08×10−1 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.304"| 3.04×10−1 |
| 15 P phosphorus
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00105"| 1.05×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.001"| 1.0×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00112"| 1.120×10−3 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000763"| 7.63×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00083"| 8.30×10−4 | | |
| 16 S sulfur
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00035"| 3.50×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0003"| 3.0×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00034"| 3.40×10−4 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000881"| 8.81×10−4 | | | |
| 17 Cl chlorine
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000145"| 1.45×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00019"| 1.9×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000126"| 1.26×10−4 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0019"| 1.900×10−3 | | | |
| 18 Ar argon
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000035"| 3.5×10−6 | | | | | | | |
| 19 K potassium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0209"| 2.09×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.017"| 1.7×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0184"| 1.8400×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0091"| 9.100×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0176"| 1.7600×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.017"| 1.7000×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.028"| 2.8000×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0257"| 2.5700×10−2 |
| 20 Ca calcium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0415"| 4.15×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.051"| 5.1×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0466"| 4.6600×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0529"| 5.2900×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0492"| 4.9200×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.034"| 3.4000×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.03"| 3.0000×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0295"| 2.9500×10−2 |
| 21 Sc scandium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000022"| 2.2×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000022"| 2.2×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000025"| 2.5×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000300"| 3.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000214"| 2.14×10−5 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000011"| 1.1×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000007"| 7×10−6 |
| 22 Ti titanium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00565"| 5.65×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0086"| 8.6×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00632"| 6.320×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0054"| 5.400×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00525"| 5.250×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0036"| 3.600×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.003"| 3.000×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00312"| 3.120×10−3 |
| 23 V vanadium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00012"| 1.20×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00017"| 1.7×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000136"| 1.36×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00023"| 2.30×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000134"| 1.34×10−4 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000600"| 6.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000053"| 5.3×10−5 |
| 24 Cr chromium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000102"| 1.02×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000096"| 9.6×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000122"| 1.22×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000185"| 1.85×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000146"| 1.46×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000056"| 5.6×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000035"| 3.5×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000035"| 3.5×10−5 |
| 25 Mn manganese
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00095"| 9.50×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.001"| 1.0×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00106"| 1.060×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00104"| 1.400×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000847"| 8.47×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.001"| 1.000×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0006"| 6.00×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000527"| 5.27×10−4 |
| 26 Fe iron
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0563"| 5.63×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.058"| 5.8×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.062"| 6.2000×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0707"| 7.07×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0492"| 4.92×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.038"| 3.8×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.035"| 3.50×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0309"| 3.09×10−2 |
| 27 Co cobalt
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000025"| 2.5×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000028"| 2.8×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000029"| 2.9×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000029"| 2.9×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000254"| 2.54×10−5 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000100"| 1.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000012"| 1.2×10−5 |
| 28 Ni nickel
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000084"| 8.4×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000072"| 7.2×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000099"| 9.9×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000105"| 1.05×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000695"| 6.95×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000035"| 3.5×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000020"| 2×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000019"| 1.9×10−5 |
| 29 Cu copper
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00006"| 6.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000058"| 5.8×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000068"| 6.8×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000075"| 7.5×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000047"| 4.7×10−5 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000025"| 2.5×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000014"| 1.4×10−5 |
| 30 Zn zinc
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00007"| 7.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000082"| 8.2×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000076"| 7.6×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00008"| 8.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000076"| 7.6×10−5 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000071"| 7.1×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000052"| 5.2×10−5 |
| 31 Ga gallium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000019"| 1.9×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000017"| 1.7×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000019"| 1.9×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000018"| 1.8×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000186"| 1.86×10−5 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000017"| 1.7×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000014"| 1.4×10−5 |
| 32 Ge germanium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000015"| 1.5×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000013"| 1.3×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000015"| 1.5×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000016"| 1.6×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000132"| 1.32×10−6 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000016"| 1.6×10−6 | |
| 33 As arsenic
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000018"| 1.8×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000002"| 2.0×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000018"| 1.8×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000001"| 1.0×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000203"| 2.03×10−6 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000015"| 1.5×10−6 | |
| 34 Se selenium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000005"| 5×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000005"| 5×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000005"| 5×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000005"| 5×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000153"| 1.53×10−7 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000005"| 5×10−8 | |
| 35 Br bromine
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000024"| 2.4×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000004"| 4.0×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000025"| 2.5×10−6 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000695"| 6.95×10−6 | | | |
| 36 Kr krypton
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000001"| 1×10−10 | | | | | | | |
| 37 Rb rubidium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000090"| 9.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000070"| 7.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000078"| 7.8×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000032"| 3.2×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000079"| 7.90×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000061"| 6.1×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00012"| 1.12×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00011"| 1.10×10−4 |
| 38 Sr strontium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00037"| 3.70×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00045"| 4.5×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000384"| 3.84×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00026"| 2.60×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000293"| 2.93×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000503"| 5.03×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00035"| 3.50×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000316"| 3.16×10−4 |
| 39 Y yttrium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000033"| 3.3×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000035"| 3.5×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000031"| 3.1×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00002"| 2.0×10−5 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000014"| 1.4×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000022"| 2.2×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000021"| 2.1×10−5 |
| 40 Zr zirconium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000165"| 1.65×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00014"| 1.4×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000162"| 1.62×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000100"| 1.00×10−4 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00021"| 2.10×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00019"| 1.90×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00024"| 2.40×10−4 |
| 41 Nb niobium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00002"| 2.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00002"| 2.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00002"| 2.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000011"| 1.1000×10−5 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000013"| 1.3000×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000025"| 2.5000×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000026"| 2.6000×10−5 |
| 42 Mo molybdenum
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000012"| 1.2×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000012"| 1.2×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000012"| 1.2×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000001"| 1.000×10−6 | | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000015"| 1.500×10−6 | |
| 43 Tc technetium
| | | | | | | | |
| 44 Ru ruthenium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000001"| 1×10−9 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000001"| 1×10−10 | | | | | |
| 45 Rh rhodium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000001"| 1×10−9 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000001"| 1×10−10 | | | | | |
| 46 Pd palladium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000015"| 1.5×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000003"| 3×10−9 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000015"| 1.5×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000001"| 1.0×10−9 | | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000005"| 5×10−10 | |
| 47 Ag silver
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000075"| 7.5×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000008"| 8×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000008"| 8×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000008"| 8.0×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000695"| 6.95×10−8 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000005"| 5.0×10−8 | |
| 48 Cd cadmium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000015"| 1.5×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000018"| 1.8×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000016"| 1.6×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000098"| 9.8×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000001"| 1.00×10−7 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000098"| 9.8×10−8 | |
| 49 In indium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000025"| 2.5×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000002"| 2×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000024"| 2.4×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000005"| 5.0×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000695"| 6.95×10−8 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000005"| 5.0×10−8 | |
| 50 Sn tin
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000023"| 2.3×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000015"| 1.5×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000021"| 2.1×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000025"| 2.500×10−6 | | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000055"| 5.500×10−6 | |
| 51 Sb antimony
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000002"| 2×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000002"| 2×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000002"| 2×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000002"| 2.00×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000203"| 2.03×10−7 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000002"| 2.00×10−7 | |
| 52 Te tellurium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000001"| 1×10−9 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000001"| 1×10−9 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000203"| 2.03×10−9 | | | |
| 53 I iodine
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000045"| 4.5×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000005"| 5×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000046"| 4.6×10−7 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000154"| 1.540×10−6 | | | |
| 54 Xe xenon
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000003"| 3×10−11 | | | | | | | |
| 55 Cs caesium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000300"| 3×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000016"| 1.6×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000026"| 2.6×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000100"| 1.000×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000131"| 1.310×10−6 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000037"| 3.700×10−6 | |
| 56 Ba barium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000425"| 4.25×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00038"| 3.8×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00039"| 3.90×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00025"| 2.50000×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000542"| 5.42000×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000707"| 7.07000×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00055"| 5.50000×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00107"| 1.070000×10−3 |
| 57 La lanthanum
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000039"| 3.9×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00005"| 5.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000035"| 3.5×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000016"| 1.6000×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000029"| 2.9000×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000028"| 2.8000×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00003"| 3.0000×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000032"| 3.200×10−6 |
| 58 Ce cerium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000665"| 6.65×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000083"| 8.3×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000066"| 6.6×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000033"| 3.3000×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000542"| 5.4200×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000057"| 5.7000×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000064"| 6.4000×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000065"| 6.5000×10−5 |
| 59 Pr praseodymium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000092"| 9.2×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000013"| 1.3×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000091"| 9.1×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000039"| 3.900×10−6 | | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000071"| 7.100×10−6 | |
| 60 Nd neodymium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000415"| 4.15×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000044"| 4.4×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00004"| 4.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000016"| 1.6000×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000254"| 2.5400×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000023"| 2.3000×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000026"| 2.6000×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000026"| 2.6000×10−5 |
| 61 Pm promethium
| | | | | | | | |
| 62 Sm samarium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000705"| 7.05×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000077"| 7.7×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000007"| 7.0×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000035"| 3.500×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000559"| 5.590×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000041"| 4.100×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000045"| 4.500×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000045"| 4.500×10−6 |
| 63 Eu europium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000002"| 2.0×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000022"| 2.2×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000021"| 2.1×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000011"| 1.100×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000001407"| 1.407×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000109"| 1.090×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000088"| 8.80×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000094"| 9.40×10−7 |
| 64 Gd gadolinium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000062"| 6.2×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000063"| 6.3×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000061"| 6.1×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000033"| 3.300×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000814"| 8.140×10−6 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000038"| 3.800×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000028"| 2.800×10−6 |
| 65 Tb terbium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000012"| 1.2×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000001"| 1.0×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000012"| 1.2×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000006"| 6.00×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000102"| 1.020×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000053"| 5.30×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000064"| 6.40×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000048"| 4.80×10−7 |
| 66 Dy dysprosium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000052"| 5.2×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000085"| 8.5×10−6 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000037"| 3.700×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000006102"| 6.102×10−6 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000035"| 3.500×10−6 | |
| 67 Ho holmium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000013"| 1.3×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000016"| 1.6×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000013"| 1.3×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000078"| 7.80×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000186"| 1.860×10−6 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000008"| 8.00×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000062"| 6.20×10−7 |
| 68 Er erbium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000035"| 3.5×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000036"| 3.6×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000035"| 3.5×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000022"| 2.200×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000339"| 3.390×10−6 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000023"| 2.300×10−6 | |
| 69 Tm thulium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000052"| 5.2×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000052"| 5.2×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000005"| 5×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000032"| 3.20×10−7 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000024"| 2.40×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000033"| 3.30×10−7 | |
| 70 Yb ytterbium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000032"| 3.2×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000034"| 3.4×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000031"| 3.1×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000022"| 2.200×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000339"| 3.390×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000153"| 1.530×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000022"| 2.200×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000015"| 1.500×10−6 |
| 71 Lu lutetium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000080"| 8×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000080"| 8×10−7 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000030"| 3.00×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000576"| 5.76×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000023"| 2.30×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000032"| 3.20×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000023"| 2.30×10−7 |
| 72 Hf hafnium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000300"| 3.0×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000400"| 4×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000028"| 2.8×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000300"| 3.000×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000346"| 3.460×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000047"| 4.700×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000058"| 5.800×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000058"| 5.800×10−6 |
| 73 Ta tantalum
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000002"| 2.0×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000024"| 2.4×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000017"| 1.7×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000001"| 1.000×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000002203"| 2.203×10−6 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000022"| 2.200×10−6 | |
| 74 W tungsten
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000125"| 1.25×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000001"| 1.0×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000012"| 1.2×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000001"| 1.000×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000131"| 1.310×10−6 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000002"| 2.000×10−6 | |
| 75 Re rhenium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000007"| 7×10−10 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000004"| 4×10−10 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000007"| 7×10−10 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000005"| 5×10−10 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000102"| 1.02×10−9 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000005"| 5×10−10 | |
| 76 Os osmium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000015"| 1.5×10−9 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000002"| 2×10−10 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000005"| 5×10−9 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000102"| 1.02×10−9 | | | |
| 77 Ir iridium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000001"| 1×10−9 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000002"| 2×10−10 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000001"| 1×10−9 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000001"| 1×10−10 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000102"| 1.02×10−9 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000002"| 2×10−11 | |
| 78 Pt platinum
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000005"| 5×10−9 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000001"| 1×10−8 | | | | | |
| 79 Au gold
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000004"| 4×10−9 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000002"| 2×10−9 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000004"| 4×10−9 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000003"| 3.0×10−9 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000407"| 4.07×10−9 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000018"| 1.8×10−9 | |
| 80 Hg mercury
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000085"| 8.5×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000002"| 2×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000008"| 8×10−8 | | | | | |
| 81 Tl thallium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000085"| 8.5×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000047"| 4.7×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000007"| 7×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000036"| 3.60×10−7 | | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000075"| 7.50×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000052"| 5.20×10−7 |
| 82 Pb lead
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000014"| 1.4×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00001"| 1.0×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000013"| 1.3×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000008"| 8.000×10−6 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000015"| 1.5000×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00002"| 2.0000×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000017"| 1.7000×10−5 |
| 83 Bi bismuth
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000085"| 8.5×10−9 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000004"| 4×10−9 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000008"| 8×10−9 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000006"| 6.0×10−8 | | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000127"| 1.27×10−7 | |
| 84 Po polonium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000000002"| 2×10−16 | | | | | | | |
| 85 At astatine
| | | | | | | | |
| 86 Rn radon
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000000000004"| 4×10−19 | | | | | | | |
| 87 Fr francium
| | | | | | | | |
| 88 Ra radium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000009"| 9×10−13 | | | | | | | |
| 89 Ac actinium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000000055"| 5.5×10−16 | | | | | | | |
| 90 Th thorium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000096"| 9.6×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000058"| 5.8×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000081"| 8.1×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000035"| 3.500×10−6 | | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000057"| 5.700×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000107"| 1.0700×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00001"| 1.0000×10−5 |
| 91 Pa protactinium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000014"| 1.4×10−12 | | | | | | | |
| 92 U uranium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000027"| 2.7×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000016"| 1.6×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000023"| 2.3×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000091"| 9.10×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000012"| 1.200×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000013"| 1.300×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000028"| 2.800×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000025"| 2.500×10−6 |
| 93 Np neptunium
| | | | | | | | |
| 94 Pu plutonium
| | | | | | | | |
Urban soils
The established abundances of chemical elements in urban soils can be considered a geochemical (ecological and geochemical) characteristic, the accumulated impact of technogenic and natural processes at the beginning of the 21st century. The figures estimate average concentrations of chemical elements in the soils of more than 300 cities and settlements in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and America.{{cite journal|author1=Vladimir Alekseenko|author2=Alexey Alekseenko|title=The abundances of chemical elements in urban soils|journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration|date=2014|volume=147|pages=245–249|doi=10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.08.003|bibcode=2014JCExp.147..245A |s2cid=128989333 |issn=0375-6742}} Regardless of significant differences between abundances of several elements in urban soils and those values calculated for the Earth's crust, the element abundances in urban soils generally reflect those in the Earth's crust. With the development of technology the abundances may be refined.
Mass fraction, in mg/kg (ppm).
| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" | ||
| Element
!data-sort-type="number"|Atomic number !data-sort-type="number"|Abundance in urban soils | ||
|---|---|---|
| Ag | 47 | 0.37 |
| Al | 13 | 38200 |
| As | 33 | 15.9 |
| B | 5 | 45 |
| Ba | 56 | 853.12 |
| Be | 4 | 3.3 |
| Bi | 83 | 1.12 |
| C | 6 | 45100 |
| Ca | 20 | 53800 |
| Cd | 48 | 0.9 |
| Cl | 17 | 285 |
| Co | 27 | 14.1 |
| Cr | 24 | 80 |
| Cs | 55 | 5.0 |
| Cu | 29 | 39 |
| Fe | 26 | 22300 |
| Ga | 31 | 16.2 |
| Ge | 32 | 1.8 |
| H | 1 | 15000 |
| Hg | 80 | 0.88 |
| K | 19 | 13400 |
| La | 57 | 34 |
| Li | 3 | 49.5 |
| Mg | 12 | 7900 |
| Mn | 25 | 729 |
| Mo | 42 | 2.4 |
| N | 7 | 10000 |
| Na | 11 | 5800 |
| Nb | 41 | 15.7 |
| Ni | 28 | 33 |
| O | 8 | 490000 |
| P | 15 | 1200 |
| Pb | 82 | 54.5 |
| Rb | 37 | 58 |
| S | 16 | 1200 |
| Sb | 51 | 1.0 |
| Sc | 21 | 9.4 |
| Si | 14 | 289000 |
| Sn | 50 | 6.8 |
| Sr | 38 | 458 |
| Ta | 73 | 1.5 |
| Ti | 22 | 4758 |
| Tl | 81 | 1.1 |
| V | 23 | 104.9 |
| W | 74 | 2.9 |
| Y | 39 | 23.4 |
| Yb | 70 | 2.4 |
| Zn | 30 | 158 |
| Zr | 40 | 255.6 |
Sea water
- W1 — CRC Handbook
- W2 — Kaye & Laby
Mass concentration, in kg/L. (The average density of sea water in the surface is 1.025 kg/L)
| class="wikitable sortable" style="white-space:nowrap" |
| Element
! data-sort-type="number"|W1 ! data-sort-type="number"|W2 |
|---|
| {{0|0}}1 H hydrogen
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.108"| 1.08×10−1 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.110"| 1.1×10−1 |
| {{0|0}}2 He helium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000070"| 7×10−12 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000072"| 7.2×10−12 |
| {{0|0}}3 Li lithium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000018"| 1.8×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000017"| 1.7×10−7 |
| {{0|0}}4 Be beryllium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000056"| 5.6×10−12 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000006"| 6×10−13 |
| {{0|0}}5 B boron
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000444"| 4.44×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000044"| 4.4×10−6 |
| {{0|0}}6 C carbon
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000028"| 2.8×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000028"| 2.8×10−5 |
| {{0|0}}7 N nitrogen
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000005"| 5×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000016"| 1.6×10−5 |
| {{0|0}}8 O oxygen
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.857"| 8.57×10−1 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.88"| 8.8×10−1 |
| {{0|0}}9 F fluorine
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000013"| 1.3×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000013"| 1.3×10−6 |
| 10 Ne neon
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000012"| 1.2×10−10 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000012"| 1.2×10−10 |
| 11 Na sodium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0108"| 1.08×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.011"| 1.1×10−2 |
| 12 Mg magnesium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00129"| 1.29×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0013"| 1.3×10−3 |
| 13 Al aluminium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000002"| 2×10−9 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000001"| 1×10−9 |
| 14 Si silicon
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000022"| 2.2×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000029"| 2.9×10−6 |
| 15 P phosphorus
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000006"| 6×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000088"| 8.8×10−8 |
| 16 S sulfur
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000905"| 9.05×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0009"| 9.0×10−4 |
| 17 Cl chlorine
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0194"| 1.94×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.019"| 1.9×10−2 |
| 18 Ar argon
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000045"| 4.5×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000045"| 4.5×10−7 |
| 19 K potassium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000399"| 3.99×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00039"| 3.9×10−4 |
| 20 Ca calcium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000412"| 4.12×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00041"| 4.1×10−4 |
| 21 Sc scandium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000006"| 6×10−13 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000000004"| < 4×10−12 |
| 22 Ti titanium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000001"| 1×10−9 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000001"| 1×10−9 |
| 23 V vanadium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000025"| 2.5×10−9 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000019"| 1.9×10−9 |
| 24 Cr chromium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000003"| 3×10−10 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000002"| 2×10−10 |
| 25 Mn manganese
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000002"| 2×10−10 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000019"| 1.9×10−9 |
| 26 Fe iron
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000002"| 2×10−9 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000034"| 3.4×10−9 |
| 27 Co cobalt
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000002"| 2×10−11 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000039"| 3.9×10−10 |
| 28 Ni nickel
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000056"| 5.6×10−10 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000066"| 6.6×10−9 |
| 29 Cu copper
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000025"| 2.5×10−10 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000023"| 2.3×10−8 |
| 30 Zn zinc
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000049"| 4.9×10−9 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000011"| 1.1×10−8 |
| 31 Ga gallium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000003"| 3×10−11 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000003"| 3×10−11 |
| 32 Ge germanium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000005"| 5×10−11 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000006"| 6×10−11 |
| 33 As arsenic
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000037"| 3.7×10−9 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000026"| 2.6×10−9 |
| 34 Se selenium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000002"| 2×10−10 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000009"| 9.0×10−11 |
| 35 Br bromine
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000673"| 6.73×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000067"| 6.7×10−5 |
| 36 Kr krypton
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000021"| 2.1×10−10 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000021"| 2.1×10−10 |
| 37 Rb rubidium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000012"| 1.2×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000012"| 1.2×10−7 |
| 38 Sr strontium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000079"| 7.9×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000081"| 8.1×10−6 |
| 39 Y yttrium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000000013"| 1.3×10−11 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000013"| 1.3×10−12 |
| 40 Zr zirconium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000003"| 3×10−11 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000000026"| 2.6×10−11 |
| 41 Nb niobium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000001"| 1×10−11 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000000015"| 1.5×10−11 |
| 42 Mo molybdenum
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000001"| 1×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000001"| 1.0×10−8 |
| 43 Tc technetium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 44 Ru ruthenium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000007"| 7×10−13 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 45 Rh rhodium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 46 Pd palladium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 47 Ag silver
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000004"| 4×10−11 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000028"| 2.8×10−10 |
| 48 Cd cadmium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000011"| 1.1×10−10 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000011"| 1.1×10−10 |
| 49 In indium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000002"| 2×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 50 Sn tin
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000000004"| 4×10−12 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000081"| 8.1×10−10 |
| 51 Sb antimony
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000024"| 2.4×10−10 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000033"| 3.3×10−10 |
| 52 Te tellurium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 53 I iodine
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000006"| 6×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000064"| 6.4×10−8 |
| 54 Xe xenon
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000005"| 5×10−11 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000000047"| 4.7×10−11 |
| 55 Cs caesium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000003"| 3×10−10 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000003"| 3.0×10−10 |
| 56 Ba barium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000013"| 1.3×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000021"| 2.1×10−8 |
| 57 La lanthanum
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000034"| 3.4×10−12 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000034"| 3.4×10−12 |
| 58 Ce cerium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000012"| 1.2×10−12 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000012"| 1.2×10−12 |
| 59 Pr praseodymium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000064"| 6.4×10−13 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000064"| 6.4×10−13 |
| 60 Nd neodymium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000028"| 2.8×10−12 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000028"| 2.8×10−12 |
| 61 Pm promethium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 62 Sm samarium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000045"| 4.5×10−13 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000045"| 4.5×10−13 |
| 63 Eu europium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000013"| 1.3×10−13 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000013"| 1.3×10−13 |
| 64 Gd gadolinium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000007"| 7×10−13 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000007"| 7.0×10−13 |
| 65 Tb terbium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000014"| 1.4×10−13 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000014"| 1.4×10−12 |
| 66 Dy dysprosium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000091"| 9.1×10−13 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000091"| 9.1×10−13 |
| 67 Ho holmium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000022"| 2.2×10−13 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000022"| 2.2×10−13 |
| 68 Er erbium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000087"| 8.7×10−13 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000087"| 8.7×10−12 |
| 69 Tm thulium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000017"| 1.7×10−13 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000017"| 1.7×10−13 |
| 70 Yb ytterbium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000082"| 8.2×10−13 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000082"| 8.2×10−13 |
| 71 Lu lutetium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000015"| 1.5×10−13 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000015"| 1.5×10−13 |
| 72 Hf hafnium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000000007"| 7×10−12 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000000008"| < 8×10−12 |
| 73 Ta tantalum
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000000002"| 2×10−12 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000025"| < 2.5×10−12 |
| 74 W tungsten
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000001"| 1×10−10 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000000001"| < 1×10−12 |
| 75 Re rhenium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000000004"| 4×10−12 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 76 Os osmium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 77 Ir iridium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 78 Pt platinum
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 79 Au gold
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000000004"| 4×10−12 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000000011"| 1.1×10−11 |
| 80 Hg mercury
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000003"| 3×10−11 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000015"| 1.5×10−10 |
| 81 Tl thallium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000000019"| 1.9×10−11 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 82 Pb lead
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000003"| 3×10−11 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000003"| 3×10−11 |
| 83 Bi bismuth
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000002"| 2×10−11 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000002"| 2×10−11 |
| 84 Po polonium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000000000000000015"| 1.5×10−20 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 85 At astatine
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 86 Rn radon
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000000000000006"| 6×10−22 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 87 Fr francium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 88 Ra radium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000000000000089"| 8.9×10−17 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 89 Ac actinium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 90 Th thorium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000000001"| 1×10−12 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000000015"| 1.5×10−12 |
| 91 Pa protactinium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000000000000005"| 5×10−17 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 92 U uranium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000032"| 3.2×10−9 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000033"| 3.3×10−9 |
| 93 Np neptunium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
| 94 Pu plutonium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0"| |
Sun and Solar System
- S1 — Sun: Kaye & Laby
- Y1 — Solar System: Kaye & Laby
- Y2 — Solar System: Ahrens, with (uncertainty %)
Atom mole fraction relative to silicon = 1.
| class="wikitable sortable" style="white-space:nowrap" |
| Element
! data-sort-type="number"|S1 ! data-sort-type="number"|Y1 ! data-sort-type="number"|Y2 |
|---|
| 01 H hydrogen
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="28000.000"| 2.8×104 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="28000.000"| 2.8×104* | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="27900.000"| 2.79×104 |
| 02 He helium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="02700.000"| 2.7×103 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="02700.000"| 2.7×103* | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="02720.000"| 2.72×103 |
| 03 Li lithium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000004"| 4.0×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000057"| 5.7×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000571"| 5.71×10−5 (9.2%) |
| 04 Be beryllium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000004"| 4.0×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000007"| 7.0×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000073"| 7.30×10−7 (9.5%) |
| 05 B boron
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000011"| 1.1×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000021"| 2.1×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000212"| 2.12×10−5 (10%) |
| 06 C carbon
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="00010.000"| 1.0×101 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="00010.000"| 1.0×101* | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="00010.100"| 1.01×101 |
| 07 N nitrogen
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="00003.1000"| 3.1×100 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="00003.1000"| 3.1×100* | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="00003.1300"| 3.13×100 |
| 08 O oxygen
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="00024.000"| 2.4×101 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="00024.000"| 2.4×101* | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="00023.800"| 2.38×101 (10%) |
| 09 F fluorine
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.001"| about 1.0×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00085"| 8.5×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000843"| 8.43×10−4 (15%) |
| 10 Ne neon
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="00003.000"| 3.0×100 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="00003.000"| 3.0×100* | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="00003.440"| 3.44×100 (14%) |
| 11 Na sodium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.060"| 6.0×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.057"| 5.7×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0574"| 5.74×10−2 (7.1%) |
| 12 Mg magnesium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="00001.000"| 1.0×100 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="00001.100"| 1.1×100 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="00001.074"| 1.074×100 (3.8%) |
| 13 Al aluminium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.083"| 8.3×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.085"| 8.5×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0849"| 8.49×10−2 (3.6%) |
| 14 Si silicon
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="00001.000"| 1.0×100 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="00001.000"| 1.0×100 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="00001.000"| 1.0×100 (4.4%) |
| 15 P phosphorus
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.008"| 8.0×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.010"| 1.0×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0104"| 1.04×10−2 (10%) |
| 16 S sulfur
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.45"| 4.5×10−1 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.52"| 5.2×10−1 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.515"| 5.15×10−1 (13%) |
| 17 Cl chlorine
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.009"| about 9.0×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0052"| 5.2×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00524"| 5.24×10−3 (15%) |
| 18 Ar argon
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.100"| 1.0×10−1* | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.100"| 1.0×10−1* | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.101"| 1.01×10−1 (6%) |
| 19 K potassium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0037"| 3.7×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0038"| 3.8×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00377"| 3.77×10−3 (7.7%) |
| 20 Ca calcium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.064"| 6.4×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.061"| 6.1×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0611"| 6.11×10−2 (7.1%) |
| 21 Sc scandium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000035"| 3.5×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000034"| 3.4×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000342"| 3.42×10−5 (8.6%) |
| 22 Ti titanium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0027"| 2.7×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0024"| 2.4×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0024"| 2.40×10−3 (5.0%) |
| 23 V vanadium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00028"| 2.8×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00029"| 2.9×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000293"| 2.93×10−4 (5.1%) |
| 24 Cr chromium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.013"| 1.3×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.013"| 1.3×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0135"| 1.35×10−2 (7.6%) |
| 25 Mn manganese
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0069"| 6.9×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0095"| 9.5×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00955"| 9.55×10−3 (9.6%) |
| 26 Fe iron
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.900"| 9.0×10−1 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.900"| 9.0×10−1 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.900"| 9.00×10−1 (2.7%) |
| 27 Co cobalt
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0023"| 2.3×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0023"| 2.3×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00225"| 2.25×10−3 (6.6%) |
| 28 Ni nickel
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.05"| 5.0×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.05"| 5.0×10−2 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0493"| 4.93×10−2 (5.1%) |
| 29 Cu copper
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00045"| 4.5×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00052"| 5.2×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000522"| 5.22×10−4 (11%) |
| 30 Zn zinc
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0011"| 1.1×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0013"| 1.3×10−3 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00126"| 1.26×10−3 (4.4%) |
| 31 Ga gallium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000021"| 2.1×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000038"| 3.8×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000378"| 3.78×10−5 (6.9%) |
| 32 Ge germanium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000072"| 7.2×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00012"| 1.2×10−4 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000119"| 1.19×10−4 (9.6%) |
| 33 As arsenic
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000066"| 6.6×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000656"| 6.56×10−6 (12%) |
| 34 Se selenium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000063"| 6.3×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000621"| 6.21×10−5 (6.4%) |
| 35 Br bromine
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000012"| 1.2×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000118"| 1.18×10−5 (19%) |
| 36 Kr krypton
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000048"| 4.8×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000045"| 4.50×10−5 (18%) |
| 37 Rb rubidium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000011"| 1.1×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000007"| 7.0×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000709"| 7.09×10−6 (6.6%) |
| 38 Sr strontium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000022"| 2.2×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000024"| 2.4×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000235"| 2.35×10−5 (8.1%) |
| 39 Y yttrium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000049"| 4.9×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000046"| 4.6×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000464"| 4.64×10−6 (6.0%) |
| 40 Zr zirconium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000112"| 1.12×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000114"| 1.14×10−5 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000114"| 1.14×10−5 (6.4%) |
| 41 Nb niobium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000007"| 7.0×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000007"| 7.0×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000698"| 6.98×10−7 (1.4%) |
| 42 Mo molybdenum
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000023"| 2.3×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000026"| 2.6×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000255"| 2.55×10−6 (5.5%) |
| 43 Tc technetium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| |
| 44 Ru ruthenium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000019"| 1.9×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000019"| 1.9×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000186"| 1.86×10−6 (5.4%) |
| 45 Rh rhodium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000004"| 4.0×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000034"| 3.4×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000344"| 3.44×10−7 (8%) |
| 46 Pd palladium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000014"| 1.4×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000014"| 1.4×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000139"| 1.39×10−6 (6.6%) |
| 47 Ag silver
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000002"| about 2.0×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000049"| 4.9×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000486"| 4.86×10−7 (2.9%) |
| 48 Cd cadmium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000002"| 2.0×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000016"| 1.6×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000161"| 1.61×10−6 (6.5%) |
| 49 In indium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000013"| about 1.3×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000019"| 1.9×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000184"| 1.84×10−7 (6.4%) |
| 50 Sn tin
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000003"| about 3.0×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000039"| 3.9×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000382"| 3.82×10−6 (9.4%) |
| 51 Sb antimony
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000003"| about 3.0×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000031"| 3.1×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000309"| 3.09×10−7 (18%) |
| 52 Te tellurium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000049"| 4.9×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000481"| 4.81×10−6 (10%) |
| 53 I iodine
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000009"| 9.0×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000009"| 9.00×10−7 (21%) |
| 54 Xe xenon
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000048"| 4.8×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000047"| 4.70×10−6 (20%) |
| 55 Cs caesium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000037"| 3.7×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000372"| 3.72×10−7 (5.6%) |
| 56 Ba barium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000038"| 3.8×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000045"| 4.5×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000449"| 4.49×10−6 (6.3%) |
| 57 La lanthanum
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000005"| 5.0×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000044"| 4.4×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000446"| 4.46×10−7 (2.0%) |
| 58 Ce cerium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000001"| 1.0×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000011"| 1.1×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000001136"| 1.136×10−6 (1.7%) |
| 59 Pr praseodymium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000014"| 1.4×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000017"| 1.7×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000001669"| 1.669×10−7 (2.4%) |
| 60 Nd neodymium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000009"| 9.0×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000083"| 8.3×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000008279"| 8.279×10−7 (1.3%) |
| 61 Pm promethium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| |
| 62 Sm samarium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000003"| 3.0×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000026"| 2.6×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000002582"| 2.582×10−7 (1.3%) |
| 63 Eu europium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000009"| 9.0×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000097"| 9.7×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000973"| 9.73×10−8 (1.6%) |
| 64 Gd gadolinium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000037"| 3.7×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000033"| 3.3×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000033"| 3.30×10−7 (1.4%) |
| 65 Tb terbium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000002"| about 2.0×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000060"| 6.0×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000603"| 6.03×10−8 (2.2%) |
| 66 Dy dysprosium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000035"| 3.5×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000004"| 4.0×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000003942"| 3.942×10−7 (1.4%) |
| 67 Ho holmium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000005"| about 5.0×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000089"| 8.9×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000889"| 8.89×10−8 (2.4%) |
| 68 Er erbium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000024"| 2.4×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000025"| 2.5×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000002508"| 2.508×10−7 (1.3%) |
| 69 Tm thulium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000003"| about 3.0×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000038"| 3.8×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000378"| 3.78×10−8 (2.3%) |
| 70 Yb ytterbium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000034"| 3.4×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000025"| 2.5×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000002479"| 2.479×10−7 (1.6%) |
| 71 Lu lutetium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000015"| about 1.5×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000037"| 3.7×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000367"| 3.67×10−8 (1.3%) |
| 72 Hf hafnium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000021"| 2.1×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000015"| 1.5×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000154"| 1.54×10−7 (1.9%) |
| 73 Ta tantalum
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000038"| 3.8×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000207"| 2.07×10−8 (1.8%) |
| 74 W tungsten
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000036"| about 3.6×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000013"| 1.3×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000133"| 1.33×10−7 (5.1%) |
| 75 Re rhenium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000005"| 5.0×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000517"| 5.17×10−8 (9.4%) |
| 76 Os osmium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000008"| 8.0×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000067"| 6.7×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000675"| 6.75×10−7 (6.3%) |
| 77 Ir iridium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000006"| 6.0×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000066"| 6.6×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000661"| 6.61×10−7 (6.1%) |
| 78 Pt platinum
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000018"| about 1.8×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000134"| 1.34×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000134"| 1.34×10−6 (7.4%) |
| 79 Au gold
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000003"| about 3.0×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000019"| 1.9×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000187"| 1.87×10−7 (15%) |
| 80 Hg mercury
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000034"| 3.4×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000034"| 3.40×10−7 (12%) |
| 81 Tl thallium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000002"| about 2.0×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000019"| 1.9×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000184"| 1.84×10−7 (9.4%) |
| 82 Pb lead
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000002"| 2.0×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000031"| 3.1×10−6 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000315"| 3.15×10−6 (7.8%) |
| 83 Bi bismuth
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000014"| 1.4×10−7 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000144"| 1.44×10−7 (8.2%) |
| 84 Po polonium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| |
| 85 At astatine
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| |
| 86 Rn radon
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| |
| 87 Fr francium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| |
| 88 Ra radium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| |
| 89 Ac actinium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| |
| 90 Th thorium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.00000005"| 5.0×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000045"| 4.5×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.0000000335"| 3.35×10−8 (5.7%) |
| 91 Pa protactinium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| |
| 92 U uranium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000018"| 1.8×10−8 | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000000009"| 9.00×10−9 (8.4%) |
| 93 Np neptunium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| |
| 94 Pu plutonium
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| | style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0.000"| |
See also
Notes
Due to the estimate nature of these values, no single recommendations are given. All values are normalized for these tables. Underlined zeroes indicate figures of indeterminable significance that were present in the source notation.
References
{{Reflist}}
=CRC Handbook=
From these sources in an online version of David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea:
:*R.S. Carmichael (ed.), CRC Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, (1989).
:*I. Bodek et al., Environmental Inorganic Chemistry, Pergamon Press, New York, (1988).
:*A.B. Ronov, A.A. Yaroshevsky, Earth's Crust Geochemistry, in Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, R.W. Fairbridge (ed.), Van Nostrand, New York, (1969).
:Estimated abundance of the elements in the continental crust (C1) and in seawater near the surface (W1). The median values of reported measurements are given. Concentrations of the less abundant elements may vary with location by several orders of magnitude.
=Kaye & Laby=
National Physical Laboratory, Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants (2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717152442/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/chemistry/3_1/3_1_3.html Section 3.1.3, Abundances of the elements], B.E.J. Pagel
:Abundances in sea water (W2) and in crustal rocks (C2) from:
:*K.K. Turekian (1970) in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 4, 627.
:For the sun (S1) and the solar system (Y1) from:
:*N. Grevesse, E. Anders, J. Waddington (ed.) in Cosmic Abundances of Matter, Amer. Inst. Phys., New York, p. 1. (1988).
:Except solar iron abundance from:
:*H. Holweger, A. Bard, A. Kock, M. Kock, Astron. Astrophys., 249, 545. (1991).
:Accuracy of the solar abundances varies between ± 10% and a factor of two, values more uncertain than that are marked with "about". The Solar System abundances are mainly derived from carbonaceous chondrite meteorites and are assumed generally accurate to ±10% or better. Solar System abundances based on other sources are marked with asterisks (*).
=Greenwood=
A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (1997). {{ISBN|0-7506-3365-4}} Appendix 4, Abundance of Elements in Crustal Rocks.
:From this source with some modifications and additions of later data:
:*W.S. Fyfe, Geochemistry, Oxford University Press, (1974).
:Further referring to:
:*C.K. Jorgensen, Comments Astrophys. 17, 49–101 (1993).
:Values are subject to various geological assumptions but assumed acceptable as an indication of elemental abundance in crustal rocks (C3).
=Ahrens=
{{citation |editor-first=Thomas J. |editor-last=Ahrens |title=Global Earth Physics : A Handbook of Physical Constants |publisher=American Geophysical Union |date=1995 |isbn=0-87590-851-9 |contribution=Composition of the Solar System, Planets, Meteorites, and Major Terrestrial Reservoirs |first=Horton E. |last=Newsom |series=AGU Reference Shelf |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.1029/RF001 |bibcode=1995geph.conf.....A |at=Tables 1, 14, 15.}}
:Bulk continental crust (C4) and upper continental crust (U1) from:
:*S.R. Taylor, S.M. McLennan, The continental crust: Its composition and evolution, Blackwell Sci. Publ., Oxford, 330 pp. (1985).
:Upper continental crust (U2) from:
:*D.M. Shaw, J. Dostal, R.R. Keays, Additional estimates of continental surface Precambrian shield composition in Canada, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 40, 73–83, (1976).
:Bulk continental crust (C5) from:
:*H. Wänke, G. Dreibus, E. Jagoutz, Mantle chemistry and accretion history of the Earth, in Archean Geochemistry, A. Kröner, G.N. Hanson, A.M. Goodwin (eds.), pp. l-24, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (1984).
:Bulk continental crust (C6) from:
:*B.L. Weaver, J. Tamey, Major and trace element composition of the continental lithosphere, in Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 15, H.N. Pollack, V.R. Murthy (eds.) pp. 39–68, Pergamon, Oxford, (1984).
:Solar system (Y2) from:
:*{{citation |first1=E |last1=Anders |first2=N |last2=Grevesse |title=Abundances of the elements: Meteoritic and solar |journal=Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=197–214 |date=January 1989 |doi=10.1016/0016-7037(89)90286-X|bibcode=1989GeCoA..53..197A |s2cid=40797942 }}
=Urban soils=
:*Alekseenko V.A., Alekseenko A.V. (2013) Chemical elements in geochemical systems. The abundances in urban soils. Publishing House of Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don (388 pp., in Russian with English Abstract). {{ISBN|978-5-9275-1095-5}}
:*Vladimir Alekseenko, Alexey Alekseenko (2014) The abundances of chemical elements in urban soils. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. No. 147 (B). pp. 245–249. {{doi|10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.08.003}}
{{Navbox elements data}}
{{Navbox periodic table}}