Accelerated solvent extraction
{{Short description|Chemical analysis method}}
{{Infobox chemical analysis
| name = Accelerated solvent extraction
| image =
| caption =
| acronym = ASE
| classification =
| analytes =
| manufacturers = Thermo Fisher Scientific
| related = Solid phase extraction
| hyphenated =
}}
Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), also known as pressurized solvent extraction (PSE), is a method for extracting various chemicals from a complex solid or semisolid sample matrix. The process uses high temperature and pressure, which results in the extraction taking less time and requiring less solvent, and possibly also giving better analyte recovery, than traditional methods that use less extreme conditions.{{cite journal |title= Accelerated Solvent Extraction: A Technique for Sample Preparation |first1= Bruce E. |last1= Richter |first2= Brian A. |last2= Jones |first3= John L. |last3= Ezzell |first4= Nathan L. |last4= Porter |first5= Nebojsa |last5= Avdalovic |first6= Chris |last6= Pohl |journal= Anal. Chem. |year= 1996 |volume= 68 |issue= 6 |pages= 1033–1039 |doi= 10.1021/ac9508199 }}{{cite web |url= http://www.chromatographyonline.com/accelerated-solvent-extraction-sample-preparation-determination-brominated-flame-retardants-0 |title= Accelerated Solvent Extraction: Sample Preparation for Determination of Brominated Flame Retardants |date= December 2, 2007 |first1= B.J. |last1= Murphy |first2= R.E. |last2= Carlson |first3= J.H. |last3= Peterson |first4= Bruce E. |last4= Richter |accessdate= 2016-05-09 }} The elevated temperature is employed to increase extraction efficiency of the analyte of interest and the elevated pressure is used to keep the solvent in a liquid state as the temperature is increased above its boiling point. An automated system for the process was developed by Dionex,{{cite web | title=Accelerated Solvent Extraction - Dionex Solvent Extractors | website=analytica-world.com | url=https://www.analytica-world.com/en/products/127465/accelerated-solvent-extraction-ase-dionex.html | access-date=11 September 2020}} a company owned by Thermo Fisher Scientific.{{cite web | title=Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) - US | website=Thermo Fisher Scientific | date=25 February 2019 | url=//www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/industrial/chromatography/chromatography-sample-preparation/automated-sample-preparation/accelerated-solvent-extraction-ase.html | access-date=11 September 2020}}
Method
The extraction cell is filled with the solid sample to be examined and placed in a temperature-controllable oven. After adding the solvent, the cell is heated at constant pressure (adjustable between 0.3 and 20 MPa) up to a maximum temperature of 200°C and kept at constant conditions for a while so that equilibrium can be established. The extract is then transferred to a sample tube. A sample often goes through several extraction cycles. Finally, the extraction cell is rinsed with solvent, the rinsing valve is opened and the cell and all lines are rinsed with nitrogen and the apparatus is prepared for further extractions.{{cite book | title=Instrumentelle Analytik und Bioanalytik | chapter=Präanalytische Methoden | series=Springer-Lehrbuch | year=2008 | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | location=Berlin, Heidelberg | isbn=978-3-540-73803-9 | issn=0937-7433 | doi=10.1007/978-3-540-73804-6_3 | pages=57–90| language=de}}
Applications
Accelerated solvent extraction has found many applications in the food industry, including in:
- The testing of dietary seafoods for arsenic content{{cite journal | last1=Gallagher | first1=P. A. | last2=Shoemaker | first2=J. A. | last3=Wei | first3=Xinyi | last4=Brockhoff-Schwegel | first4=C. A. | last5=Creed | first5=J. T. | title=Extraction and detection of arsenicals in seaweed via accelerated solvent extraction with ion chromatographic separation and ICP-MS detection | journal=Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=369 | issue=1 | date=8 January 2001 | issn=0937-0633 | doi=10.1007/s002160000585 | pages=71–80| pmid=11210234 | s2cid=46609876 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232679 }}
- Extraction of catechins from green tea samples{{cite journal | last1=Kellogg | first1=Joshua J. | last2=Wallace | first2=Emily D. | last3=Graf | first3=Tyler N. | last4=Oberlies | first4=Nicholas H. | last5=Cech | first5=Nadja B. | title=Conventional and accelerated-solvent extractions of green tea (camellia sinensis) for metabolomics-based chemometrics | journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=145 | year=2017 | issn=0731-7085 | doi=10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.027 | pages=604–610| pmid=28787673 | pmc=5804813 }}
- Authentication of natural vanilla flavors{{cite journal | last1=Cicchetti | first1=Esmeralda | last2=Chaintreau | first2=Alain | title=Comparison of extraction techniques and modeling of accelerated solvent extraction for the authentication of natural vanilla flavors | journal=Journal of Separation Science | publisher=Wiley | volume=32 | issue=11 | year=2009 | issn=1615-9306 | doi=10.1002/jssc.200800650 | pages=1957–1964| pmid=19425014 }}
- The analysis of terpenoids and sterols in tobacco{{cite journal | last1=Shen | first1=Jinchao | last2=Shao | first2=Xueguang | title=A comparison of accelerated solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction for analysis of terpenoids and sterols in tobacco | journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=383 | issue=6 | date=18 October 2005 | issn=1618-2642 | doi=10.1007/s00216-005-0078-6 | pages=1003–1008| pmid=16231136 | s2cid=8169502 }}