Accipitriformes
{{Short description|Order of birds}}
{{For|an explanation of similar terms|Accipitrimorphae}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = Eocene-present, {{fossilrange|50|0}}Mayr G, Smith T. A diverse bird assemblage from the Ypresian of Belgium furthers knowledge of early Eocene avifaunas of the North Sea Basin. N Jb Geol Paläontol, Abh. 2019;291:253–281. doi: 10.1127/njgpa/2019/0801.
| image = דורסי-יום-01.jpg
| image_caption = Clockwise from top left: Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), cinereous harrier (Circus cinereus), greater spotted eagle (Clanga clanga), harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja), secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), slate-colored hawk (Buteogallus schistaceus), Galapagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis), white-backed vulture (Gyps africanus) (center). All belong to Accipitriformes sensu stricto.
| image2 = Peru - Colca Canyon - Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) 01.jpg
| image2_caption = Andean condor (Vultur gryphus)
| taxon = Accipitriformes
| authority = Vieillot, 1816
| subdivision_ranks = Subdivisions
| subdivision ={{plainlist|
- {{extinct}}Diatropornis
- {{extinct}}Parasarcoramphus
- {{extinct}}Teratornithidae
- Cathartidae
- Sagittariidae
- Pandionidae
- Accipitridae
}}
|range_map=Diversity map of Accipitriformes.webp
|range_map_caption= Diversity map of Accipitriformes {{definition needed|This map might be for Accipitriformes sensu stricto. If so, this will need to be specified, as otherwise it's inaccurate, due to the subject of this article being Accipitriformes sensu lato.|date=December 2024}} (258 species). The colour gradient (from light to dark) indicates species richness.{{cite journal |last1=Nagy |first1=Jenő |title=Biologia Futura: rapid diversification and behavioural adaptation of birds in response to Oligocene–Miocene climatic conditions |journal=Biologia Futura |year=2020 |volume=71 |issue=1–2 |pages=109–121 |doi=10.1007/s42977-020-00013-9 |pmid=34554530 |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42977-020-00013-9.pdf |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020BioFu..71..109N}}
}}
The Accipitriformes ({{IPAc-en|æ|k|ˌ|s|ɪ|p|ᵻ|t|r|ᵻ|ˈ|f|ɔr|m|iː|z}}; {{etymology|la|{{Wikt-lang|la|accipiter}}|hawk||{{Wikt-lang|la|formes}}|having the form of}}) are an order of birds that includes most of the diurnal birds of prey, including hawks, eagles,
vultures, and kites, but not falcons.
For a long time, the majority view was to include them with the falcons in the Falconiformes, but many authorities now recognize a separate order Accipitriformes.{{sfn|Voous|1973}}{{sfn|Cramp|1980|pp=3, 277}}{{sfn|Ferguson-Lees|Christie|2001|p=69}}{{sfn|Christidis|Boles|2008|pp=50–51}} A DNA study published in 2008 indicated that falcons are not closely related to the Accipitriformes, being instead more closely related to parrots and passerines.{{sfn|Hackett et al.|2008}} Since then, the split and the placement of the falcons next to the parrots in taxonomic order has been adopted by the American Ornithological Society's South American Classification Committee (SACC),{{sfn|Remsen|Cadena|Jaramillo|Nores}}{{sfn|Remsen|2008}}{{sfn|Nores|Barker|Remsen|2011}} its North American Classification Committee (NACC),{{sfn|Chesser et al.|2010}}{{sfn|Chesser et al.|2012}} and the International Ornithological Congress (IOC).{{sfn|Gill|Donsker}}{{sfn|Gill|Donsker|2014}} The British Ornithologists' Union already recognized the Accipitriformes,{{sfn|Dudley|Gee|Kehoe|Melling|2006}} and has adopted the move of Falconiformes.{{sfn|Sangster et al.|2013}} The DNA-based proposal and the NACC and IOC classifications include the New World vultures in the Accipitriformes,{{sfn|Hackett et al.|2008}}{{sfn|Chesser et al.|2010}} while the SACC classifies the New World vultures as a separate order, the Cathartiformes. When Cathartiformes is considered a separate order, sister to Accipitriformes, Accipitriformes sensu lato is called Accipitrimorphae.
Characteristics
The Accipitriformes are known from the Middle Eocene{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} and typically have a sharply hooked beak with a soft cere housing the nostrils. Their wings are long and fairly broad, suitable for soaring flight, with the outer four to six primary feathers emarginated.
They have strong legs and feet with raptorial claws and opposable hind claws. Almost all Accipitriformes are carnivorous, hunting by sight during the day or at twilight. They are exceptionally long-lived, and most have low reproductive rates.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
The young have a long, very fast-growing fledgling stage, followed by 3–8 weeks of nest care after first flight, and 1 to 3 years as sexually immature adults. The sexes have conspicuously different sizes and sometimes a female is more than twice as heavy as her mate. This sexual dimorphism is sometimes most extreme in specialized bird-eaters, such as the Accipiter hawks. Monogamy is the general rule, although an alternative mate is often selected if one dies.
Taxonomy
Accipitriformes, currently with 262 species and 75 genera in 4 extant families and possibly 1 extinct family, is the largest diurnal raptor order. DNA sequence analyses suggest that divergences within Accipitriformes began around the Eocene/Oligocene boundary about 34 mya, with the split of the group including genera Elanus and Gampsonyx from the other Accipitriformes genera.{{cite book |last1=Mindell |first1=David |last2=Fuchs |first2=Jerome |last3=Johnson |first3=Jeff |editor1-last=Sarasola |editor1-first=José Hernán |editor2-last=Grande |editor2-first=Juan Manuel |editor3-last=Negro |editor3-first=Juan José |title=Birds of Prey Biology and conservation in the XXI century |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-73744-7 |pages=3–32 |chapter=Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Geographic Diversity of Diurnal Raptors: Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, and Cathartiformes.|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-73745-4 |s2cid=49622660 }}
The order includes the following families:
Order Accipitriformes
- Accipitridae (eagles, harriers, hawks, kites, Old World vultures)
- Pandionidae (ospreys) (1 or 2 species)
- Cathartidae (Cathartid vultures and condors)
- Sagittariidae (secretarybird)
And the following extinct genera:
- {{extinct}}Teratornithidae
- Diatropornis
- Parasarcoramphus
For a complete list of species, see list of Accipitriformes species.
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:90%
|label1=Accipitriformes
|1={{clade
|label1=Cathartiformes*
|1={{clade
|1={{extinct}}Diatropornis
|2={{extinct}}Parasarcoramphus
|3={{extinct}}Teratornithidae
|4=Cathartidae
}}
|label2=Accipitriformes sensu stricto
|2={{clade
|label2=
|2={{clade
|1=Pandionidae
|2=Accipitridae
}}
}}
}}
}}
Phylogeny of Accipitriformes sensu stricto based on Nagy, J. & Tökölyi, J. (2014).{{cite journal | doi=10.2478/orhu-2014-0008 | title=Phylogeny, Historical Biogeography and the Evolution of Migration in Accipitrid Birds of Prey (Aves: Accipitriformes) | year=2014 | last1=Nagy | first1=Jenő | last2=Tökölyi | first2=Jácint | journal=Ornis Hungarica | volume=22 | pages=15–35 | s2cid=46321534 | doi-access=free | hdl=2437/197470 | hdl-access=free }}
References
= Footnotes =
{{Reflist}}
= Sources cited =
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{{ref end}}
{{Birds}}
{{Accipitrimorphae|A.|state=collapsed}}
{{Accipitriformes}}
{{Vulture}}
{{Aquilinae}}
{{Buteoninae}}
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Category:Extant Lutetian first appearances
Category:Eocene taxonomic orders
Category:Oligocene taxonomic orders
Category:Miocene taxonomic orders
Category:Pliocene taxonomic orders
Category:Pleistocene taxonomic orders