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Acremonium

{{Short description|Genus of fungi}}

{{Distinguish|Acremoniella}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Acremonium falciforme PHIL 4167 lores.jpg

| image_caption = Plate culture of Acremonium falciforme

| taxon = Acremonium

| authority = Link (1809)

| type_species = Acremonium alternatum

| type_species_authority = Link (1809)

| synonyms = Cephalosporium

}}

Acremonium is a genus of fungi in the family Hypocreaceae. It used to be known as Cephalosporium.

Description

Acremonium species are usually slow-growing and are initially compact and moist. Their hyphae are fine and hyaline, and produce mostly simple phialides. Their conidia are usually one-celled (i.e. ameroconidia), hyaline or pigmented, globose to cylindrical, and mostly aggregated in slimy heads at the apex of each phialide.

Epichloë species are closely related and were once included in Acremonium,{{cite journal |last1=Morgan-Jones |first1=G. |last2=Gams |first2=W. |year=1982 |title=Notes on hyphomycetes. XLI. An endophyte of Festuca arundinacea and the anamorph of Epichloe typhina, new taxa in one of two new sections of Acremonium |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=15 |pages=311–318 |issn=0093-4666}} but were later split off into a new genus Neotyphodium,{{cite journal|vauthors=Glenn AE, Bacon CW, Price R, Hanlin RT |year=1996|title=Molecular phylogeny of Acremonium and its taxonomic implications|journal=Mycologia|volume=88|pages=369–383|doi=10.2307/3760878|issue=3|jstor=3760878|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1235139}} which has now been restructured within the genus Epichloë.{{cite journal |last1=Leuchtmann |first1=A. |last2=Bacon |first2=C. W. |last3=Schardl |first3=C. L. |last4=White |first4=J. F. |last5=Tadych |first5=M. |title=Nomenclatural realignment of Neotyphodium species with genus Epichloë |journal=Mycologia |volume=106 |issue=2 |year=2014 |pages=202–215 |issn=0027-5514 |doi=10.3852/13-251 |url=http://www.epa.govt.nz/search-databases/HSNO%20Application%20Register%20Documents/APP201774_Leuchtmann%20et%20al%202014.pdf |pmid=24459125 |s2cid=25222557 |access-date=2016-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307124043/http://www.epa.govt.nz/search-databases/HSNO%20Application%20Register%20Documents/APP201774_Leuchtmann%20et%20al%202014.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-07 |url-status=dead }}

Clinical significance

The genus Acremonium contains about 100 species, of which most are saprophytic, being isolated from dead plant material and soil. Many species are recognized as opportunistic pathogens of human and animals, causing eumycetoma, onychomycosis, and hyalohyphomycosis. Infections of humans by fungi of this genus are rare,{{cite journal|last=Fincher|first=RM|author2=Fisher, JF|author3= Lovell, RD|author4= Newman, CL|author5= Espinel-Ingroff, A|author6= Shadomy, HJ|title=Infection due to the fungus Acremonium (cephalosporium).|journal=Medicine|date=November 1991|volume=70|issue=6|pages=398–409|pmid=1956281|doi=10.1097/00005792-199111000-00005| s2cid=20440856 |doi-access=free}} but clinical manifestations of hyalohyphomycosis caused by Acremonium may include arthritis, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, cerebritis, and subcutaneous infection.{{cite web | url=http://www.antimicrobe.org/new/f07.asp | title=Hyalohyphomycosis (Acremonium, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Scedosporium and Others) | first1=Elias N. | last1=Kiwan | first2=Elias J. | last2=Anaissie | access-date=2019-08-30}}

The cephalosporins, a class of β-lactam antibiotics, were derived from Acremonium. It was first isolated as an antibiotic by the Italian pharmacologist Giuseppe Brotzu in 1948.

Some species in the genus Acermonium, such as Acremonium egyptiacum, can produce the meroterpenoids Ascofuranone and Ascochlorin, which have promising capabilities as antibiotics.{{Cite journal |last=Araki |first=Yasuko |last2=Awakawa |first2=Takayoshi |last3=Matsuzaki |first3=Motomichi |last4=Cho |first4=Rihe |last5=Matsuda |first5=Yudai |last6=Hoshino |first6=Shotaro |last7=Shinohara |first7=Yasutomo |last8=Yamamoto |first8=Masaichi |last9=Kido |first9=Yasutoshi |last10=Inaoka |first10=Daniel Ken |last11=Nagamune |first11=Kisaburo |last12=Ito |first12=Kotaro |last13=Abe |first13=Ikuro |last14=Kita |first14=Kiyoshi |date=2019-04-23 |title=Complete biosynthetic pathways of ascofuranone and ascochlorin in Acremonium egyptiacum |url=https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1819254116 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=17 |pages=8269–8274 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1819254116 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6486709 |pmid=30952781}}

Species

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See also

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070501103624/http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Hyphomycetes_(hyaline)/ Hyaline Hyphomycetes]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4675103}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Sordariomycetes genera

Category:Hypocreaceae