Acts of Timothy

For many years these Acts were known only through a Latin translation (BHL 8294) included in the second volume of the Acta Sanctorum in 1643.January 22, Vol. 2, p. 566; reprinted in Migne 1891, 5:1363–66. The listing for BHL 8294 appears in Bollandists 1901, 2:1200. Photius, the learned patriarch of Constantinople, had read the Greek original and had given an account in his Bibliotheca (Codex 254).Henry 1959–1991. Then in 1877 Hermann Usener edited the Greek original (BHG 1847), which had been located in Paris Codex Gr. 1219 (from the 11th or 12th century).Usener 1877, 7–13. As Crehan 1959, 37 n. 2. notes, "The Acta Timothei were published at Bonn ... in a Festive Programme for the birthday of the Kaiser (1877), a circumstance which meant that very little notice was taken of the publication. There are copies of the brochure in Oxford and Cambridge but there is none in London."

The Latin version attributes the Acts to Polycrates of Ephesus (c. 130–196); however, the Greek original has no such attestation, thus indicating that such an ascription of authorship was a later addition. Usener dated the Acts before 356, probably between 320 and 340, and thought they were based on a veritable history of the Ephesian church.Usener 1877, 36; Crehan 1959, 37–38. Shortly after its publication Theodor Zahn raised several issues concerning Usener's dating. One problem was the statement in the Acts that Lystra was in the province (eparchy) of Lycaonia.Usener 1877, 8.11–12. Zahn pointed out that Lycaonia was not a separate province until after c. 370.Zahn 1878, 98; Delehaye 1939, 79; Barnes 2010, 302. Accordingly, most scholars put the time of composition no earlier than the fifth century.Barnes 2010, 302; Zahn 1909, 41; Lipsius 1884, 385; Klauck 2008, 248, has "late fourth or fifth century." Another more recently observed problem is the two named proconsuls of Asia, Maximus and Peregrinus.Usener 1877, 8.17 and 13.69. Both these individuals have been judged fictitious by Ronald Syme.Barnes 2010, 300–303. Thus, the trustworthiness of the Acts as a source for historical information is somewhat impaired.Zahn 1909, 41, goes so far as to describe it as "worthless." Nevertheless, the author does display local knowledge of the topography and culture of Ephesus.Lipsius 1884, 384; Keil 1935; Crehan 1959, 38; Klauck 2008, 249.

The Acts tell how Paul had consecrated Timothy as bishop during Nero's reign on the occasion of a visit to Ephesus which they made together. Then, under Nerva, Timothy suffers a martyr's death during a pagan festival.Zahn 1909, 41. In this "devilish and abominable festival," as Photius calls itAs quoted in Lawson 1910, 222. men with masks on their faces and with clubs in their hands went about "assaulting without restraint free men and respectable women, perpetrating murders of no common sort and shedding endless blood in the best parts of the city, as if they were performing a religious duty."Text in Usener 1877, 11.48–51; English translation from Lawson 1910, 222. Scholars have identified this festival, called {{Transliteration|grc|katagogia}} (roughly, "the bringing down"), with the cult of Dionysus.Keil 1935, 83; Strelan 1996, 122–24. The latter observes, "It is curious that scholars have not examined the various texts of the Acts of Timothy, both for their cultural information and their Christian bias" (p. 123). As Klauck describes it, Timothy "attempts to put an end to the wild and violent goings-on but himself falls victim to the orgies."Klauck 2008, 249.

In addition to the activities of Timothy, there is almost as much material about John the Evangelist, who was also a resident of Ephesus.Lipsius 1884, 376. Usener explains this odd situation as being due perhaps to the material having come originally from an earlier history of the Ephesian church.Usener 1877, 35; cf. Lipsius 1884, 376. The Acts also contain an interesting passage on the formation of the fourfold gospel.

{{blockquote|Some followers of the disciples of the Lord, not knowing how to put in order certain papyri which were written in different languages and put together in random fashion by these disciples and which dealt with the miracles of the Lord Jesus which had taken place in their time, came to the city of Ephesus and by common consent brought them (the papyri) to John the renowned theologian. He examined them thoroughly and taking his cue from them, after he had put in order the three gospel narratives and entitled them Gospel of Matthew, Gospel of Mark, Gospel of Luke, assigning their proper titles to the gospels, he himself theologized upon the things they had not narrated ..., filling up also the gaps they had left, in their accounts of the miracles especially, and then he set his own name to this compilation or gospel.

|Acts of TimothyText in Usener 1877, 9.28–10.38; English translation from Crehan 1959, 38.}}

Whereas Lipsius had seen this account as a dressing-up of what was in Eusebius ([http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.viii.xxiv.html hist. eccl. III 24, 7]), Crehan views it as evidence for an earlier date for the Acts.Lipsius 1884, 379; Crehan 1959, 38ff. He argues that Lipsius "does not attach due importance to the circumstantial account in the Acta of the papyri and of their titling by John, an account which it would have been difficult for a forger in the days of the big vellum codices (after 320) to make up for himself."Crehan 1959, 39.

{{Reflist}}

• Henry, R., ed. (1959–1991). Photius, Bibliothèque, 9 vols. Paris: Les Belles lettres. [2nd printing 2003] (Greek with French trans.).
• Migne, J.-P., ed. (1891). [https://books.google.com/books?id=5wksL0b3kMQC&pg=PA1089 Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Graeca, 5:1363–66]. Paris: apud fratres Garnier editores. (Latin)
• Usener, H., ed. (1877). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mnI9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7 Acta S. Timothei] Bonn: typis Caroli Georgi vniv. typogr. (Greek and Latin).

• Barnes, T. D. (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=4TIyPJA4VnUC&pg=PA300 Early Christian Hagiography and Roman History, 300–303]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
• Bollandists (1901). [https://books.google.com/books?id=4gcuAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1200 Bibliotheca hagiographica latina antiquae et mediae aetatis, vol. 2, p. 1200.] Subsidia Hagiographica 6. Bruxelles: Société des Bollandistes.
• Crehan, J. H. (1959). "The Fourfold Character of the Gospel," in Kurt Åland, F. L. Cross, et al., eds., Studia Evangelica 1 (= Texte und Untersuchungen 73), pp. 3–13. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
• Delehaye, H. (1939). "Les actes de Saint Timothée," in W. M. Calder and J. Keil, eds., [https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg3IAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA77 Anatolian Studies Presented to William Hepburn Buckler, 77–84] Manchester: Manchester University Press.
• Keil, J. (1935). "Zum Martyrium des heiligen Timotheus in Ephesos." Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes 29: 82–92.
• Klauck, H.-J. (2008). The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: An Introduction, 248–49. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press. {{ISBN|1-60258-159-2}}
• Lawson, J. C. (1910). [https://books.google.com/books?id=VcWNFBq4tk0C&pg=PA222 Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion: A Study in Survivals, 222]. Cambridge: University Press.
• Lipsius, R. A. (1884). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8eVJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA372 Die Apokryphen Apostelgeschichten und Apostellegenden, 2/2: 372–400]. Braunschweig: C. A. Schwetschke und Sohn.
• Schürer, E. (1877). Review of Usener 1877, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yU5NAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA363 Theologische Literaturzeitung 2:363–64].
• Strelan, R. (1996). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nw1xdz7fO18C&pg=PA122 Paul, Artemis, and the Jews in Ephesus, 122–24]. Berlin: W. de Gruyter.
• Usener, H. (1914). "Beiträge der Geschichte der Legendenliteratur," in [https://books.google.com/books?id=jrVfAAAAMAAJ&dq=usener%20kleine%20schriften&pg=PA83 Kleine Schriften, 3:83–89]. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.
• Zahn, T. (1878). Review of Usener 1877, [https://books.google.com/books?id=oC4eAQAAIAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN18020133&pg=PA97 Göttingischen gelehrte Anzeigen, 97–114].
• Zahn, T. (1909). [https://books.google.com/books?id=slMVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA41 Introduction to the New Testament, vol. 2, p. 41]. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

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Category:5th-century Christian texts

Timothy