Addicks Reservoir

Addicks Reservoir is situated on the north side of Interstate 10. It extends slightly north of Clay Road and between Barker-Cypress Road to the west and Beltway 8/Sam Houston Tollway to the east. State Highway 6 (SH 6) bisects the reservoir north to south. In addition to the Reservoir's flood damage reduction mission, recreation and nature observation opportunities abound through the approximately {{Convert|26000|acre|ha}} of land that makes up Addicks and Barker reservoirs, which are often dry wooded areas in normal times.{{cite news|last1=Grabar|first1=Henry|title=What Happened to the Two Reservoirs That Were Supposed to Protect Downtown Houston?|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2017/08/28/what_happened_to_the_reservoirs_that_were_supposed_to_protect_downtown_houston.html|accessdate=29 August 2017|work=Slate|date=28 August 2017}} The West Houston Airport is located within the western edge of the Addicks Reservoir, between Barker-Cypress Road and SH 6.

The Addicks Reservoir spillway is located at {{coord|29|47|26|N|95|37|24|W|type:landmark}} and releases the remainder of Bear Creek just north of Buffalo Bayou.

Addicks Reservoir and Dam get their name from the former town of Addicks, Texas, named after its original postmaster, Henry Addicks.{{Cite web|url=http://texasescapes.com/TexasGulfCoastTowns/Addicks-Texas.htm|title = Addicks, Texas, and Bear Creek}}

Addicks Reservoir is formed by a rolled earthen dam {{convert|61666|ft|m}} long and above the streambed. A {{convert|12|ft|m|adj=mid|-wide}} gravel road extends along the top of the dam. The top of the dam has a maximum elevation of {{convert|121|ft|m}} above the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 1988) and is almost {{Convert|50|ft|m}} high in points.{{cite magazine|last1=Rogers|first1=Adam|title=With Harvey, Imperfect Engineering Meets a Perfect Storm|url=https://www.wired.com/story/houston-dams-probable-maximum-flood-vs-500-year-flood/|accessdate=31 August 2017|magazine=Wired|date=29 August 2017}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.swg.usace.army.mil/Portals/26/docs/Cheryl%20Jaynes/Review%20Plans%20(PED)/Addicks%20and%20Barker%20PED%20Review%20Plan%20(8Nov13).pdf|title=REVIEW PLAN FOR ADDICKS AND BARKER DAMS|last=Army Corps of Engineers|date=November 8, 2013|website=|access-date=October 7, 2017}} The maximum storage capacity of the reservoir is {{convert|201000|acre-ft|GL|lk=on}},[http://www.swg.usace.army.mil/Addicks/ Addicks and Barker Reservoirs – Reservoir Information] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002710/http://www.swg.usace.army.mil/Addicks/ |date=2009-06-18 }} United States Army Corps of Engineers. Last accessed July 18, 2012. The record high water level for the reservoir prior to Hurricane Harvey was {{convert|123100|acre-ft|GL}}, set on April 24, 2016.[http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/dv?cb_00054=on&format=html&begin_date=1920-01-01&end_date=2030-01-01&site_no=08073000&referred_module=sw USGS National Water Information System]. U.S. Geological Survey. Last accessed April 27, 2016.

During Hurricane Harvey, the level peaked at {{Convert|109.1|ft|m}} on August 30, 2017, becoming the highest recorded level for Addicks Reservoir.{{Cite web|url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/tx/nwis/uv?cb_00054=on&cb_62615=on&cb_62615=on&format=gif_default&site_no=08073000&period=&begin_date=2017-08-29&end_date=2017-09-01|title=USGS 08073000 Addicks Res nr Addicks, TX|last=National Water Information System|date=August 30, 2017|website=|access-date=October 7, 2017}} Water retention at this level was {{convert|217500|acre-ft|GL}}. Combined with the adjacent Barker Reservoir to the southwest, the total storage capacity is about {{convert|410000|acre-ft|GL}}.[http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/roa03 Addicks Reservoir], Handbook of Texas Online, 2008. Last accessed May 4, 2009.

From 2008 to 2014, the USACE Galveston District implemented $4.4 million (equivalent to ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US-GDP|4400000|2014}}}} in {{Inflation/year|index=US-GDP}}{{Inflation/fn|index=US-GDP}}) in interim risk reduction measures (at Addicks and Barker dams) to address deficiencies until long-term solutions could be identified and executed. In 2014, staff completed a Dam Safety Modification Study to evaluate long-term repairs and address issues associated with the dams. Staff presented this information during a public meeting on October 29 at Bear Creek Community Center in Houston to discuss these plans and gather feedback. Construction is scheduled to begin in May 2015 with an estimated completion date of 2019.

The northern and western ends of the dam consist of roller-compacted concrete spillways. The existing ground at either end of Addicks Dam is lower than the top of the dam elevation. The existing ground at the north end of Addicks Dam is at an elevation of {{Convert|108|ft|m}} and ties into the concrete spillway crest at {{Convert|112.5|ft|m}}. The existing ground at the western end is at an elevation of {{Convert|111.0|ft|m}} and ties into the concrete spillway which has a crest of {{Convert|115.5|ft|m}}. (All elevations are NAVD 1988.)

On August 28, 2017, during flooding from Hurricane Harvey, USACE began controlled water releases at both the Addicks and Barker reservoirs, in an attempt to manage flood levels in the immediate area.{{cite press release|url=https://www.swg.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Releases/Article/1291369/corps-releases-at-addicks-and-barker-dams-to-begin/ |title=Corps Releases at Addicks and Barker Dams to begin |publisher=United States Army Corps of Engineers |date=August 28, 2017 |access-date=August 28, 2017}} The waters continued to rise, and on August 29, after reaching pool elevation over {{Convert|108|ft|m}} above NAVD 1988, the Addicks Reservoir began around the end of the dam near Tanner Road. Flows less than {{Convert|100|ft3/s|L/s}} were detected at the spillway. In the afternoon of August 29, 2017, USACE decided to raise the controlled release rates to {{Convert|16000|ft3/s|L/s}}. As of August 30, 2017, combined controlled discharge rates of Barker and Addicks were {{Convert|13700|ft3/s|L/s}}, and subdivisions surrounding the outlets and downstream past Beltway 8/Sam Houston Tollway experienced significantly increased flooding as Buffalo Bayou further overtopped its banks.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-41081629|title=Houston flood: Dams begin overflowing amid record rainfall|work=BBC News|date=29 August 2017}}

It is estimated the Addicks and Barker reservoirs, along with other federal construction projects on Buffalo Bayou and its tributaries, prevent average annual flood damages of $16,372,000[http://www.swg.usace.army.mil/Addicks U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002710/http://www.swg.usace.army.mil/Addicks |date=June 18, 2009 }}, Last accessed January 1, 2011 to the city of Houston.

Several parks are scattered throughout the reservoir, including Bear Creek Pioneers Park along with hike/bike/horse trails. There is a paved bicycle trail going alongside the reservoir, with the trailhead being located next to Sherwood Elementary School.

When the Addicks and Barker reservoirs were originally constructed, USACE acquired approximately {{Convert|24500|acre|ha}} of land even though, at the time, it was known that an additional {{Convert|8000|acre|ha}} could be inundated at full pool. Initially, these additional acres were largely agricultural land where the consequences of flooding would be minimal. Harris County and Houston City authorities permitted developers to build residential neighborhoods (such as the Lakes on Eldridge subdivision) on this privately-owned land within the basins of the reservoirs. Today, about 14,000 homes are located inside the reservoir basins. Many residents complained after Hurricane Harvey that they were not informed that their homes were located inside a reservoir basin. Beginning in the 1990s, Fort Bend County, which contains a portion of Barker Reservoir, began requiring that plat documents for land within the basin carry a one-sentence disclosure of possible "controlled inundation".{{cite web |last1=Satija |first1=Neena |last2=Collier |first2=Kiah |last3=Shaw |first3=Al |title=Houston officials knew homes in the Addicks and Barker reservoirs could flood. Why didn't residents? |url=https://apps.texastribune.org/harvey-reservoirs/ |website=The Texas Tribune |accessdate=23 January 2019 |language=en |date=12 October 2017}}

During and after Hurricane Harvey, {{Convert|7000|acre|ha}} of private upstream land was deliberately submerged by the USACE operation of the Addicks and Barker dams and reservoirs.{{cite web |last1=Cavender |first1=Anthony |title=Court of Federal Claims: Upstream Hurricane Harvey Case Will Proceed to Trial |date=13 June 2018 |url=https://www.gravel2gavel.com/court-of-federal-claims-upstream-hurricane-harvey-case-will-proceed-to-trial/ |accessdate=13 June 2019}} In response, upstream property owners filed a series of lawsuits in the US Court of Federal Claims (CFC), seeking to hold the US government liable for the induced flooding under the "Takings Clause" of the Fifth Amendment.{{cite web |last1=Grinberg |first1=Emanuella |title=Their Neighborhood was flooded to save Houston |website=CNN |date=25 August 2019 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/25/us/hurricane-harvey-addicks-barker-litigation/index.html |accessdate=25 August 2019}}

Given the large number of lawsuits, the CFC decided to handle the cases as a group by using case management methods commonly employed in multi-district litigation.{{cite web |last1=Lettow |first1=Charles |title=Opinion and Order Denying Motion to Dismiss |date=24 May 2018 |url=https://ecf.cofc.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/show_public_doc?2017cv9001-120-0}} To that end, and after considering hundreds of applications, the CFC appointed attorneys Armistead "Armi" Easterby, Daniel Charest, and Charles Irvine to serve as co-lead trial counsel for upstream plaintiffs.{{cite news |last1=Ward |first1=Alyson |title=Lead attorneys appointed in Hurricane Harvey flood litigation |newspaper=Chron |date=22 November 2017 |url=https://www.chron.com/news/article/Lead-attorneys-appointed-in-Hurricane-Harvey-12376140.php |accessdate=22 November 2017}} The CFC also selected 13 property owners for a bellwether trial to determine causation and liability issues common to the upstream property owners.{{cite web |last1=Langford |first1=Cameron |title=Trial Over Hurricane Flooding in Houston Wraps Up |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/trial-over-hurricane-flooding-in-houston-wraps-up/|accessdate=13 September 2019}}

Federal Claims Judge Charles Lettow presided over the May 2019 liability trial, which was held in Houston, Texas.{{cite news |last1=Banks |first1=Gabrielle |title=Harvey Victims tell judge no one told them they were living in a designated flood pool, say government is liable |newspaper=Houston Chronicle |date=13 May 2019 |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Hurricane-Harvey-victims-tell-judge-no-one-told-13842667.php |accessdate=13 May 2019}} On December 17, 2019, the CFC held that the upstream flooding constituted a Fifth Amendment taking.{{cite web |last1=Lettow |first1=Charles |title=Post-Trial Decision; Government-Induced Flooding on Private Property |url=https://ecf.cofc.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/show_public_doc?2017cv9001-260-0 |publisher=U.S. Court of Federal Claims |accessdate=12 December 2019}} The decision detailed how US government officials knowingly and intentionally imposed flooding on upstream private property and that the victims living near the federally-owned reservoirs did not know their property was in a federal flood-control project's reservoir flood pool.{{cite news |last1=Banks |first1=Gabrielle |title=In victory for Harvey victims, Army Corps found liable for flooding damage upstream of Addicks, Barker reservoirs |newspaper=Houston Chronicle |date=17 Dec 2019 |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/In-victory-for-Harvey-victims-U-S-Army-Corps-14913223.php}} During trial, government lawyers stated this litigation is the largest Fifth Amendment "Takings Clause" case in US history.{{cite news |last1=Banks |first1=Gabrielle |title=In victory for Harvey victims, Army Corps found liable for flooding damage upstream of Addicks, Barker reservoirs |newspaper=Houston Chronicle |date=17 Dec 2019 |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/In-victory-for-Harvey-victims-U-S-Army-Corps-14913223.php}}

In June 2022, Judge Lettow presided over a two-week trial addressing the amounts owed to six bellwether plaintiffs by the US under the Fifth Amendment's "Takings Clause".{{cite web |last1=Langford|first1=Cameron |title= Trial begins to quantify losses of Houstonians flooded by government dams |date=31 May 2022 |url= https://www.courthousenews.com/trial-begins-to-quantify-losses-of-houstonians-flooded-by-government-dams/}} In October 2022, the CFC issued its just compensation decision finding in favor of the bellwether plaintiffs.{{cite web |last1=Lettow |first1=Charles |title= Post-Trial Decision on Just Compensation for Six Bellwether Plaintiffs |date=28 October 2022 |url= https://ecf.cofc.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/show_public_doc?2017cv9001-581-0}} The six bellwether plaintiffs received awards for decreased real property values, damaged or destroyed personal property, and costs for the owners being displaced.{{cite web |last1=Monterose|first1=Isaac |title= Feds must pay $450k for Texas Reservoirs Flooding Properties |date=31 October 2022 |url= https://www.law360.com/articles/1544947/}} Total compensation for the around 10,000 upstream property owners who suffered government-induced flooding could reach or exceed $1.7 billion before interest.{{cite web |last1=Clarke |first1=Deven |title= Federal judge awards compensation for Hurricane Harvey victims upstream from Addicks, Barker dams |date=3 November 2022 |url= https://www.click2houston.com/news/local/2022/11/03/federal-judge-awards-compensation-for-hurricane-harvey-victims-upstream-from-addicks-barker-dams}} The six-year statute of limitations for filing a lawsuit in the CFC is set to expire in August 2023.{{cite web |title= 28 U.S.C. § 2501 - Time for filing suit|date=7 July 2004 |url= https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/2501}}

In October 2020, USACE published an interim report regarding the Addicks and Barker dams and reservoirs. The interim report states that high reservoir water levels resulting from USACE's operation of the Addicks and Barker dams "pose unacceptable risks to health and human safety, private property, and public infrastructure" and that "future economic damages from flooding are likely" in the upstream area. The interim report further indicates that there is inadequate government-owned real estate for dam operations, as more than 20,000 homes and 24,000 parcels of privately owned upstream land are within the areas subject to government-induced flooding. The total acquisition cost to acquire these lands would be approximately $10 billion.{{cite web |title=Interim Report |url=https://www.swg.usace.army.mil/Portals/26/BBTnT_Interim_Report_202001001_Final_1.pdf}}

• {{Gnis|1372240|Addicks Reservoir}}
• {{Handbook of Texas|id=roa03|name=Addicks Reservoir}}
• [http://www.texasescapes.com/TexasGulfCoastTowns/Addicks-Texas.htm Addicks, Texas, and Bear Creek]

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Category:Geography of Houston

Category:Reservoirs in Texas

Category:Protected areas of Harris County, Texas

Category:Dams in Texas

Category:United States Army Corps of Engineers dams

Category:Bodies of water of Harris County, Texas

Category:Dams completed in 1948