Adelphobates
{{Short description|Genus of amphibians}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Adelphobates castaneoticus.jpg
| image_caption = Adelphobates castaneoticus
| taxon = Adelphobates
| authority = Grant et al., 2006
| type_species = Adelphobates castaneoticus
| type_species_authority = (Caldwell and Myers, 1990)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 3 species (see text)
| range_map =
| range_map_caption =
}}
Adelphobates is a small genus of poison dart frogs. They are found in the central and lower Amazon basin of Peru and Brazil, possibly Bolivia.{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Dendrobatidae/Dendrobatinae/Adelphobates |title=Adelphobates Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel, and Wheeler, 2006 |author =Frost, Darrel R. |year=2014 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |accessdate=13 September 2014}} It was originally erected as a sister group to the Dendrobates and Oophaga genera.{{cite journal |last1=Grant|first1=Taran|last2=Frost|first2=Darrel R.|last3=Caldwell|first3=Janalee P.|last4=Gagliardo|first4=Ron|last5=Haddad|first5=Célio F.B.|last6=Kok|first6=Philippe J.R.|last7=Means|first7=D. Bruce|last8=Noonan|first8=Brice P.|last9=Schargel|first9=Walter E.|last10=Wheeler|first10=Ward C. |year=2006 |title=Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae) |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=299 |pages=1–262 |doi=10.1206/0003-0090(2006)299[1:PSODFA]2.0.CO;2 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5803/1/B299.pdf}} The validity of the genus is still being discussed, with the alternative being "Dendrobates galactonotus group" within Dendrobates. One species originally placed in this genus as Adelphobates captivus has since been moved to the genus Excidobates erected in 2008.{{cite web|url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Dendrobatidae/Dendrobatinae/Excidobates |title=Excitobates Twomey and Brown, 2008 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2014 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |accessdate=13 September 2014 }}
Etymology
Adelphobates is from the Ancient Greek, adelphos (brother or twin) and bates (walker or climber)."Brothers" refers to Charles W. Myers and John W. Daly, two unrelated scientists directly involved with studies of the species.
Biology
All members have conspicuous, vibrant coloration, and smooth skin. A peculiar feature of their reproduction is that tadpoles are transported to Brazil nut capsules lying on the forest floor. Cannibalism may result if more than one tadpole ends up in the same capsule.{{cite book|title=Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles |edition=4th |first1=Laurie J.|last1= Vitt|first2=Janalee P. |last2=Caldwell|publisher=Academic Press|year=2014|page=490}}
Poison
All poison frogs are toxic and noxious. Like frogs of the genus Dendrobates, Adelphobates contain Pumiliotoxin 251D, which is hydroxylated to Allopumiliotoxin 267A, which is 5 times more toxic. The median lethal dose is 200 μg/kg and 40 μg/kg respectively.{{Cite journal|last1=Daly|first1=John W.|last2=Ware|first2=Nathaniel|last3=Saporito|first3=Ralph A.|last4=Spande|first4=Thomas F.|last5=Garraffo|first5=H. Martin|date=June 2009|title=N-Methyldecahydroquinolines: An Unexpected Class of Alkaloids from Amazonian Poison Frogs (Dendrobatidae)|journal=Journal of Natural Products|volume=72|issue=6|pages=1110–1114|doi=10.1021/np900094v|issn=0163-3864|pmc=3290094|pmid=19432407}}{{Cite book|last1=Schulte|first1=Bruce A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocIvCwAAQBAJ&q=allopumiliotoxin+267a+ld50&pg=PA312|title=Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 13|last2=Goodwin|first2=Thomas E.|last3=Ferkin|first3=Michael H.|date=2015-12-09|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-22026-0|language=en}}
Species
There are three species:{{cite web |url=https://www.amphibiaweb.org/lists/Dendrobatidae.shtml|title=Dendrobatidae |year=2014 |work=AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application] |publisher=Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb |accessdate=13 September 2014}}
{{Species table |genus=Adelphobates |authority-name= Hodgson|authority-year= 1838 |species-count=two|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}
{{Species table/row
|name= Brazil-nut poison frog|binomial=Adelphobates castaneoticus
|image=File:Adelphobates castaneoticus 250735951 (cropped).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Caldwell and Myers|authority-year= 1990 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= State of Pará in Brazil
|range-image=File:Adelphobates castaneoticus map-fr.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}
{{Species table/row
|name= Splash-backed poison frog or splashback poison frog |binomial=Adelphobates galactonotus
|image=File:P.E.CRISTALINO 1 (cropped).JPG|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Steindachner|authority-year= 1864 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Southern Amazon Basin in Brazil.
|range-image=File:Adelphobates galactonotus map-fr.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}
{{Species table/row
|name= Amazonian poison frog|binomial=Adelphobates quinquevittatus
|image=File:Adelphobates quinquevitatus (cropped).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Steindachner|authority-year=1864 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Southern Amazon Basin in Brazil and Bolivia.
|range-image=File:Adelphobates quinquevittatus map-fr.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}
{{Species table/end}}
References
{{Reflist|30em}}
External links
{{Wikispecies-inline}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q138042}}