Aedicula

Many aediculae were household shrines (lararia) that held small altars or statues of the Lares and Di Penates.{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Aedicula|volume=1|page=244}} The Lares were Roman deities protecting the house and the family household gods. The Penates were originally patron gods (really genii) of the storeroom, later becoming household gods guarding the entire house.

Other aediculae were small shrines within larger temples, usually set on a base, surmounted by a pediment and surrounded by columns. In ancient Roman architecture the aedicula has this representative function in the society. They are installed in public buildings like the triumphal arch, city gate, and thermae. The Library of Celsus in Ephesus ({{circa|2}} AD) is a good example.

From the 4th century Christianization of the Roman Empire onwards such shrines, or the framework enclosing them, are often called by the Biblical term tabernacle, which becomes extended to any elaborated framework for a niche, window or picture.

File:Pantheon11111.jpg|Aediculae in the Pantheon, Rome

File:Wall painting - Athena in aedicula and snake at altar - Gragnano Carmiano (villa A) - Pompeii PAAnt 63688 - 01.jpg|Aedicula containing a painted Athena and Agathodaemon

File:Montemartini - tempio di Apollo Sosiano edicola 1030469.JPG|1st century BC interior aedicula from the Temple of Apollo Sosianus, Rome{{cite book|last1=Fullerton|first1=Mark D.|title=Art & Archaeology of The Roman World|date=2020|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-051931|page=124|language=en}}

File:Herculaneum-Palestra.jpg|Painted aediculae in a fresco from the palaestra of Herculaneum

File:DSC00097 - Edicola funebre greco-punica da Marsala - Foto G. Dall'Orto.jpg|Graeco-Punic funerary aedicula from Marsala, with signs of Tanit and caduceus

File:Painted stucco relief - architecture with aedicula and pictures - Pompeii (VI 9 2) - Napoli MAN 9596.jpg|Aediculae and figures painted on stucco from Pompeii

File:Cathedral of exeter.jpg of Exeter Cathedral, with rows of figures in aediculae or tabernacle frames above the door, and two above the crenellations]]

In Gothic architecture, too, an aedicula or tabernacle is a structural framing device that gives importance to its contents, whether an inscribed plaque, a cult object, a bust or the like, by assuming the tectonic vocabulary of a little building that sets it apart from the wall against which it is placed. A tabernacle frame on a wall serves similar hieratic functions as a free-standing, three-dimensional architectural baldaquin or a ciborium over an altar.

In Late Gothic settings, altarpieces and devotional images were customarily crowned with gables and canopies supported by clustered-column piers, echoing in small the architecture of Gothic churches. Painted aediculae frame figures from sacred history in initial letters of illuminated manuscripts.

Classicizing architectonic structure and décor all'antica, in the "ancient [Roman] mode", became a fashionable way to frame a painted or bas-relief portrait, or protect an expensive and precious mirror[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/fram/ho_1975.1.1638.htm Metropolitan Museum: tabernacle frame, Florence, ca 1510] during the High Renaissance; Italian precedents were imitated in France, then in Spain, England and Germany during the later 16th century.{{Cite web |url=http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/tabernacleinfo.shtm |title=National Gallery of Art: Tabernacle frames from the Samuel H. Kress collection |access-date=2009-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006235453/http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/tabernacleinfo.shtm |archive-date=2009-10-06 |url-status=dead }}

File:Skerton Bridge, Lancaster, England - aedicula detail.JPG, Lancaster, Lancashire]]

Aedicular door surrounds that are architecturally treated, with pilasters or columns flanking the doorway and an entablature even with a pediment over it came into use with the 16th century. In the neo-Palladian revival in Britain, architectonic aedicular or tabernacle frames, carved and gilded, are favourite schemes for English Palladian mirror frames of the late 1720s through the 1740s, by such designers as William Kent.

Aediculae feature prominently in the arrangement of the Saint Peter's tomb with statues by Bernini; a small aedicula directly underneath it, dated ca. 160 AD,O'Callaghan, Roger T. "Vatican Excavations and the Tomb of Peter." The Biblical Archaeologist 16.4 (1953): 70-87. was discovered in 1940.{{sfn|Murray|Murray|1998}}

File:Canon outside the entrance to Rashtrapati Bhawan, Delhi (cropped to highlight aedicule).jpg' sun shade aediculae for cavalry guards around the Viceroy's House, New Delhi|alt=An iron fence interspersed with stone columns. Alongside the column is a gateway-like red sandstone aedicule with a barrel-vaulted roof. They are tall enough to provide shade for a soldier on horseback.]]

Similar small shrines, called naiskoi, are found in Greek religion, but their use was strictly religious.

Aediculae exist today in Roman cemeteries as a part of funeral architecture.

Presently the most famous aediculae is situated inside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in city of Jerusalem.

Contemporary American architect Charles Moore (1925–1993) used the concept of aediculae in his work to create spaces within spaces and to evoke the spiritual significance of the home.

Lutyens provided aediculae in the fence around the Viceroy's House, New Delhi to provide shade for mounted cavalry guards.{{Cite book

|title=Edwin Lutyens – Architect Laureate

|first=Roderick |last=Gradidge

|author-link=Roderick Gradidge

|year=1981

|isbn=0047200235

|publisher=George Allen & Unwin

|page=146

}}

• Portico
• Similar, but free-standing structures:
• Ciborium
• Baldachin
• Monopteros
• Gazebo

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• Adkins, Lesley & Adkins, Roy A. (1996). Dictionary of Roman Religion. Facts on File, inc. {{ISBN|0-8160-3005-7}}.
• {{cite book | first1 = Peter |last1=Murray | first2 = Linda |last2=Murray | date = 1998 | title = The Oxford Companion to Christian Art and Architecture | publisher = Oxford University Press | chapter=aedicule | pages = 5 | isbn = 978-0-19-860216-3 | oclc = 1055176997 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Qve7QgAACAAJ}}

{{Commons category}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20121209015026/http://www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/research/glossary/aedicule.html Conservation glossary]

Category:Ancient Roman temples

Category:Architectural elements

Category:Ancient Roman architectural elements