African harp

The oldest depictions of harps without a forepillar can be seen adjacent to the Near East, in the wall paintings of ancient Egyptian tombs in the Nile Valley, which date from as early as 3000 BCE.{{cite book |vauthors=Davis N |veditors=Gardiner A |title=Ancient Egyptian Paintings |url=https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/paintings3.pdf?gathStatIcon=true |volume=3 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=1986}} These murals show an instrument that closely resembles the hunter's bow, without the pillar that we find in modern harps.

{{cite web |url=http://www.internationalharpmuseum.org/visit/history.html |title=History of the Harp |publisher=International Harp Museum |website=internationalharpmuseum.org |access-date=18 June 2016 |archive-date=23 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623222756/http://www.internationalharpmuseum.org/visit/history.html |url-status=usurped }}

The oldest depictions of harps in Africa date back to the 4th Dynasty of Egypt (around 2500 BC). They represent the already fully developed type of bowed harp with a short spade or shovel-shaped resonance box, which presumably dates back to the 1st dynasty (beginning of the 3rd millennium) and is an independent Egyptian development.{{cite journal |first= Hans |last=Hickmann |title=Near East and Egypt in musical exchange |journal= Journal of the German Oriental Society |volume= 111 |date=1961 |page= 34}} Curt Sachs (1928) recognizes the musical bow as the starting point in the gently curved arch of the man-high ancient Egyptian harp , whose attached resonating body was adapted to the lower end of the string carrier and from whose ceiling instead of one string several strings now appear in one plane up to the upper area of the support rod.{{cite book |first= Curt |last= Sachs |title= Spirit and development of musical instruments |publisher= Reimer |place= Berlin |date= 1928 |quote=(reprint: Frits AM Knuf, Hilversum 1965) |page= 144}}

Towards the end of the Second Intermediate Period (around 1600 BC), new forms of harp appeared, above all the naviforme large bow harp, a head-high standing harp with a long, slender body that only gradually merges into the string carrier. In the Theban tomb TT367, which is dated to the reign of Amenophis II (second half of the 15th century BC), there is also a transportable, smaller, deep-arched harp of the singers (shoulder harp) and, for the first time, a small angular harp.{{cite book|first= Hans |last= Hickmann |title= Music history in pictures |volume= 2: Music of Antiquity |chapter= 1: Egypt |publisher= Leipzig |date= 1961 |page= 30}} The latter supplanted the ancient Egyptian bowed harps, which continued to exist at best in folk music or in surrounding areas. The Egyptian angular harp later made its way to West Africa, where it survived in the form of the Mauritanian ardin. The angular harp also appears further south, such as the angular harp used by the Efe people of the Democratic Republic of Congo.[https://www.horniman.ac.uk/object/MT135-1998/] The portable shoulder harp played in the New Kingdom had a slender boat-shaped body and a strongly curved neck.{{cite web |url= https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/546194 |title= Arched Harp (shoulder harp) ca. 1390–1295 B.C. |website= Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=17 October 2022}}

According to Klaus Wachsmann's (1964) theory, portable bowed harps gradually made their way from Egypt up the Nile to East Africa and, branching off from this route, also to Central and West Africa. In the south, their range hardly extends beyond the equator. It includes Uganda, the center of African bowed harps. Here, in the middle of the 20th century, 12 of 25 ethnic groups had their own harp tradition.{{cite journal |first= Klaus P. |last= Wachsmann |title= Harp Songs from Uganda |journal= Journal of the International Folk Music Council |volume= 8 |date= 1956 |pages= 23–25 |doi= 10.2307/834740 |jstor= 834740 }} Harps also come from the north and north-east of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Darfur in Sudan, South Sudan , Gabon , the Central African Republic and north Cameroonbefore. In West Africa they are restricted to areas south of Lake Chad. According to the different ways of attaching the truss rod to the body, Wachsmann differentiates between three main types of African bowed harps, which allow conclusions to be drawn about their distribution routes.{{cite journal |first= Klaus |last= Wachsmann |title= Human Migration and African Harps |journal= Journal of the International Folk Music Council |volume= 16 |date= 1964 |pages= 84–88|doi= 10.2307/835087 |jstor= 835087 }}

File:Bow harp ca. 2030–1640 B.C., Egypt, Middle Kingdom.jpg|Harp from the Middle Kingdom, with soundboard-skin gone. The wooden bar that the strings were tied to is visible, as are the pegs on the neck.

File:Egyptian harp.jpg|Egyptian harp in the British Museum, from the Tomb of Ani (Thebes). New Kingdom, 18th dynasty.

File:Britannica Harp Egyptian Harp Variety.png|Picture shown variety of Egyptian harps.

File:Egyptian vertical harp, kneeling harper.jpg|Egyptian vertical harp, kneeling harper

File:Harp from the New Kingdom.jpg|Arched harp, New Kingodom

File:A Musical Entertainment (1878) - TIMEA.jpg|Egyptian spade-shaped harp

File:PSM V40 D492 Various forms of egyptian harps.jpg|Picture with multiple Egyptian harps

File:Harp MET LC-25 3 306 EGDP026451.jpg|Harp, Late Second Intermediate Period–early New Kingdom, Dynasty 17–18. Naviform harp, shoulder harp.

File:Arched Harp (shoulder harp) MET DP302724.jpg|Egyptian harp, New Kingdom, 18th dynasty

File:Tomb chapel of paätenemheb (RMO Leiden egypt saqqara 1333-1307bc) (3970065130).jpg|bow harp

File:Arpa Angular (s. X-VIII aC) modified.jpg| Egyptian angle harp. Angular harp (10th to 8th century BC)

File:Harp MET 58935.jpg|Vertical harp, MET, Harp 664–332 B.C., Late Period, Dynasty 26–30. Wood, paint traces.

File:Relief harpist Weigall.jpg|angular harp

File:Medamoud procession d.jpg|angular harp

The ardin is a type of angular harp played in Mauritania. It has a resonating body made of calabash, with 10 to 16 strings and metal rings affixed to the top of the neck, and a skin belly.{{cite book |title=A Survey of Musical Instruments |last= Marcuse |first= Sibyl |publisher= Harper & Row |place= New York |date= 1975 | isbn= 0-06-012776-7 |page= 404}}{{cite book |last1=Charry |first1=Eric |title=Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa |date=2000 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226101613 |page=164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gA9a3qkglwC |accessdate=31 August 2018 |language=en}}{{cite book |last1=Rothenberg |first1=Jerome |last2=Joris |first2=Pierre |last3=Robinson |first3=Jeffrey Cane |last4=Tengour |first4=Habib |title=Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four: The University of California Book of North African Literature |date=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520273856 |page=453 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sp6f4oy0bAsC |accessdate=31 August 2018 |language=en}} It is played by female griots. The neck sits loosely in the calabash bowl, held in place by the strings. The skin belly can be drummed while the strings are being plucked. The strings act as jingles.

File:20150705-TFF-Rudolstadt-Noura-Mint-Seymali-7444.jpg|Noura Mint Seymali playing the ardin.

:See Adungu

The a'dungu, also called the ekidongo or ennenga, is a stringed musical instrument of the Alur people of northwestern Uganda. It is an arched harp of varying dimensions, ranging from seven to ten string or more.{{Cite book |title=Learn to Play the Adungu!: Bow Harp from Northern Uganda |last=Klabunde |first=Martin |year=2011 |publisher=CreateSpace |location=Seattle |isbn=978-1463558581 }} The instrument is made of a hollowed-out slab of wood, which is covered by two pieces of leather, woven together in the center. The upper piece of leather functions as a soundboard, and a wooden rib supports it, serving also as a structure to secure the strings to the soundboard. A curved wooden neck, containing a tuning peg for each .note, is inserted into the end of the instrument's body. The strings run diagonally from the tuning pegs in the neck to the rib in the center of the body. Tuning is not standardized, and players will usually tune by ear to each other shortly before a performance. The a'dungus are not in a particular key, and the tonality can be adapted to the preferences of the performers.{{Cite web |title=Bow Harp, Adungu Arched Harp Instrument, African String Instrument, Christmas Gift Idea, Unique |url=http://www.etsy.com/listing/1323825981/bow-harp-adungu-arched-harp-instrument |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Etsy |language=en-US}}

File:Three Adungu Harps.jpg|Uganda. Three sizes: adungu, ekidongo, or ennenga. The large adungu creates an incredibly rich, bass sound.

File:RB 20200123 Kisoro-213.jpg|Adungu player in Kisoro/Uganda

{{For|the trough zither|Enanga}}

The ennanga, nanga, nnanga or enanga is a type of arched harp played by the Ganda people of Uganda. The sound box is made of a single piece of wood and roughly hemispherical. The top of the box is a stretched resonant membrane made of antelope skin, tied to a piece of hide at the bottom of the box. The neck is attached to the inside of the box, exits through a small round opening on the membrane, and curves upward for about 60 to 70 cm. Seven or eight strings are attached to a piece of wood inside the box, and extend through the skin to tuning pegs inserted along the neck. Sometimes small metallic rattling pieces are attached to the pegs, to color the sound. It is usually used to accompany men's singing.

File:Ennanga, 19th century, Ganda people.png|Ennanga, 19th century, Ganda people

File:Ennanga, 19th century, instrument of the Ganda people.png|Ennanga, 19th century, instrument of the Ganda people

Abalanga (harpist) are skilled performers and composers who work within a very structured paradigm to ensure that no two abalanga performances are the same.{{cite journal|last1=Rachel|first1=Muehrer|title=Playing techniques of the nnanga of Buganda|journal=African Music: Journal of the International Library of African Music|date=2012|volume=9|issue=2|pages=57–76|doi=10.21504/amj.v9i2.1804|url=http://journal.ru.ac.za/index.php/africanmusic/article/view/1804|accessdate=3 September 2016|publisher=International Library of African Music, Rhodes University|location=Grahamstown|issn=0065-4019|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}

The kundi is the five-string harp of the Azande and related people of Central Africa. It is an instrument traditionally played by young men and boys.{{cite web|url=http://www.icommons.org/bringnbraai/|title=Bring n Braai|author=Daniela|accessdate=25 April 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429051315/http://www.icommons.org/bringnbraai/|archivedate=29 April 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} A similar type of harp played by the {{ill|Nzakara people|de|Nzakara}}. The instruments are well known for their ornately carved heads. The instrument has generally fallen from popularity, though in 1993 some older players were recorded on the album Central African Republic: music of the former Bandia courts.{{cite book |author1=Gérard Assayag|author2=Hans G. Feichtinger|author3=José-Francisco Rodrigues|author4=European Mathematical Society|title=Mathematics and music: a Diderot Mathematical Forum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjsD8ClsFKEC|year=2002|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-43727-7|page=170}}{{cite book |author1=Eric de Dampierre|author2=Marc Chemillier|title=République centrafricaine: musiques des anciennes cours Bandia|year=1996|publisher=Chant du monde: Diffusion, Harmonia Mundi|oclc=36899932}}

File:Harpe Zande-Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale.jpg|Azande kundi harp, from the Royal Museum for Central Africa.

File:Brooklyn Museum 31.1810a-f Harp with Removable Pegs Kundi.jpg|Kundi. Part of the Mangbetu culture, made in Ubangi or Uele region, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

File:Richard Buchta - Harp Player of the Azandeh, from The History of Mankind by Prof. Friedrich Ratzel, Pub.1904.jpg|Zande harp player

File:Richard Buchta - Zande men with shields, harp.jpg|Azande harper, 1877–80

File:Mangbetu Harfe 02 Museum Rietberg.jpg|1850-1900, Mangbetu people.

File:Zande-Harpe anthropomorphe-Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale.jpg|Oval style kundi. Azande people.

File:PA067070 Finely carved Harp with snake skin, Mangbetu people, DRC (10202457845).jpg|Sudan, Mangbetu people, intricately carved domu harp with snake skin.

Gabon and Guinea have a harp called ombi or ngombi.{{cite book |title=A Survey of Musical Instruments |last= Marcuse |first= Sibyl |publisher= Harper & Row |place= New York |date= 1975 | isbn= 0-06-012776-7 |page= 403}}{{cite web|publisher=Musical Instruments Museum Online (MIMO) |title=Ombi (Ngombi) |url= https://mimo-international.com/MIMO/detailstatic.aspx?RSC_BASE=IFD&RSC_DOCID=MINIM_UK_2543&TITLE=&_lg=sv-SE|quote= }} The instrument has between 4 and 8 stings, originally made of plant fiber. Instead of winding a peg to tighten the strings, the instrument had immovable pegs, with the strings being wound around them. The body of the instrument is shaped like a trough and has a skin belly. The instrument is played by holding it against the body with the wrists and plucked.

File:Gabon, harp, 19th century.png|alt=Gabon, harp, 19th century|19th century Ngombi arched harp, Gabon.

File:182 Museu de la Música, el Bosc.jpg|Ngombi. Equatorial Guinea. First half 20th century. Barcelona Music Museum.

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boogharp met 10 snaren TMnr 5633-113.jpg|Harp from the Fang culture of Gabon.

file:Ekomyndongharpist.jpg|Gabonese harp played by Lord Ekomy Ndong, a Gabonese Hip-Hop musician

File:Afrikaabteilung in Ethnological Museum Berlin 52.JPG|An arched harp of the Mbaka people, from the Democratic Republic of the Congo

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Harp met kalebas-klankkast TMnr 4646-2.jpg|The Loma or belly harp has the appearance of an angle harp or lyre. However it is a frame zither.

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Harp-luit TMnr A-11006.jpg|This is not strictly a harp, but a harp-lute. West Africa.

File:Kora (African lute instrument).jpg|Kora. Another instrument between a harp and lute.

File:InstrumentistesNord2.jpg|Harp in Cameroon

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boogharp met 10 snaren TMnr 5633-113.jpg|Democratic Republic of the Congo. 10 stringed harp. Does not fit the 3 harp types.

File:Harp - Collection des instruments de musique du Baron d'Erlanger.jpg|Tunisia.

File:Biram harp.jpg|Biram, an African bow harp of the Boudouma people in Eastern Niger. Boubou Hama National Museum. May also be the same as a Yom biBagirmi in which the strings run from the arched neck to a metal plate in the body.

Organologists have analyzed the way African bow harps are put together and found three basic types.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |date= 1984 |editor-last=Stanley |editor-first= Sadie |volume= 2 |page= 285 |article= Kundi |author-last= Gourlay |author-first= K. A.}}

File:Ennanga, 19th century, Ganda people.png]]

In the "spoon in a cup" type, the lower end of the curved neck (string carrier) lies loosely on the edge of the flat, bowl-shaped body and protrudes to about the middle of the bottom. At the height of the integument, a rod serving as a suspension bar for the strings is inserted into the neck and attached with its other end to the opposite edge of the resonance bowl. The construction, consisting of three parts, is only stable due to the tensioned strings.

This type, which occurs exclusively in Uganda, includes the ennanga of the Baganda, the ekidongo of the Nyoro , the kimasa of the Basoga, the five-stringed opuk agoya{{cite web |title= OPUK AGOYA (ARCHED HARP OR BOW HARP) |website= University of Eidenburg, Musical Instruments Museum Eidenburg |access-date= 25 October 2022 |url= https://collections.ed.ac.uk/mimed/record/16671}} (or lotewrokuma ) of theAcholi and the tum of the Langi , also consisting of a turtle shell as a resonator . Due to the relatively limited range, Gerhard Kubik (1982) concludes that this type arrived in the region long ago and independently of the other types.

It is unclear how the "spoon in the cup" type came south through Sudan, but this probably happened before the Luo immigration to Kenya in the 16th century. Like many other Nilotic peoples, the Luo are predominantly not players of harps but of lyres (like the tom ). The oral tradition can be summarized in the case of the ennangaas far back as Kabaka Nakibinge (ruled c. 1494–1524), to whom it was played on the Ssese Islands in Lake Victoria.{{cite book |first= Gerhard |last= Kubik |article= Central Africa. An Introduction |editor-first= Ruth M. |editor-last= Stone |title= The Garland Handbook of African Music | edition= 2nd |publisher= Routledge |place= New York |date= 2000 |page= 28f}}

File:Harpe Zande-Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale.jpg

The image of the "cork in the bottle" for the second type describes a wooden body that has a spout-shaped opening at one end into which the lower end of the neck is inserted. This results in a solid connection. In some forms the junction is distinctly set off, forming a ridge in the outline in profile, in others the broad base has been wrapped in skin or occasionally carved as a human head.

Also known as the tanged type , it occurs in central Africa north of the equator. Typical harps are the kundi of the Azande in northern Congo , the domu of the Mangbetuin north-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as in Uganda, the kinanga of the Bakonjo of the Rwenzori Mountains , the ore or orodo of the Madi in northern Uganda and southern Sudan, and the adungu of the Alur.{{cite journal |author-first= Klaus P. |author-last= Wachsmann |title= Harp Songs from Uganda |journal= Journal of the International Folk Music Council |volume= 8 |date= 1956 |pages= 394, 399}}

In general, there are considerable differences in form and playing style between the musical instruments of the Nilotic peoples of northern Uganda (including the Alur adungu ) and those of the Bantu ( Baganda ennanga , Basoga kimasa ) of southern Uganda.

File:Syntagma17 Kele Harp.jpg

In the third type, called the shelved type (“the type provided with a board”), the resonator has a board to which the string carrier is attached or occasionally plugged. The base board is the criterion for this type, although it can occasionally take the form of a human head.

The distribution region extends along the Atlantic Ocean from Gabon to southern Cameroon and includes two isolated occurrences in Ghana and Ivory Coast.Klaus Wachsmann, 1964, map p. 85; Gerhard Kubik, 1982, p. 29

A bowed harp of this type is in the musicological text Syntagma musicum by Michael Praetorius(1619) pictured. In addition to a pluriarc , Plate XXXI also shows a Central African bowed harp for the first time. The representation of a body made of several boards was probably modeled on an eight-string bowed harp observed among the Kele (Bakele, Kélé -speaker) on the coast of Gabon. Portuguese sailors had landed there in 1470 and had soon established trade relations.

Gerhard Kubik (2000) concludes from Praetorius' figure that type 3 in Gabon may have evolved from type 2 well before the 17th century through the adoption of local forms in Gabon and the Congo, primarily from the Pluriarc.Gerhard Kubik, 1982, p. 341

In 1982, Gerhard Kubik (1982) took a harp classification system devised by Klauss Wachsmann typology to show possible ways that the bow harp spread in Africa. From Egypt, the harp may have spread south up the Nile through the empire of Cush (c.600 BC - c.350 AD) and in a precursor of the "spoon in the cup" type during the course of the 1st century BC. Millennium reached the south of Uganda, from which the ennanga and their relatives later developed. The "cork in the bottle" type, to which the adungu belongs, developed from instruments that first made their way west from Kush to Lake Chad . Franz Födermayr (1969) found halfway along this route among the Bilia in the retreat area of the Ennedi mountains(in northeastern Chad) the five-string bowed harp krding.{{cite book |quote=Slide from the Franz Födermayr Collection, 1969, photo by Peter Fuchs|page = 59 |title =Bowed harp krding (Bäle-Bilia) |url= https://www.univie.ac.at/muwidb/dias/diaansicht.php?id_dia=1099}} Another five-string harp on this route is the Nubian kurbi (also al-bakurbo ) of the Baggara of Darfur, reported in 1972. With the progressive drying out of the savannah, there were population shifts to the south, and this type of harp reached its present distribution area, including northwestern Uganda.Gerhard Kubik, 1982, p. 30

In this diffusion theory, there are some differences between the ancient Egyptian and southern African bowed harps, which have moved away from them in terms of playing technique and construction: Unlike in ancient Egypt, some modern African harpists holds their instrument with his neck away from his body. The ancient Egyptian harps were generally believed to have fixed tuning pegs to keep the strings wrapped around the neck from slipping, but no movable tuning pegs like all contemporary African harps. When and from where the tuning pegs were first introduced is unclear.{{cite book |first = Curt |last= Sachs |title= Altägyptische Musikinstrumente |publisher= JC Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung |place= Leipzig |date=1920 |page= 12 }}

The Alur and Acholi also call adungu or adingili{{cite journal| first= Gerhard |last=Kubik |title= Generic Names for the Mbira. |journal= African Music |volume= 3 |issue=3 |date= 1964 |page= 29}} a multi-stringed musical bow, which consists of a semicircular curved stick over which a cord is stretched in such a way that three Z-shaped strings with different pitches result.29

Ulrich Wegner, 1984, p. 28 Adingili is a probably onomatopoeic Bantu-Timbrh language word, phonetically connected with timbili for a Cameroonian lamellophone.

According to descriptions from the first half of the 20th century, this musical bow is played by Acholi and Alur girls who place the bow staff on an inverted gourd bowl to amplify the sound.Klaus Wachsmann, 1953, pp. 383–385, 408 plate 89D From a musical bow amplified in this way, the developmental path to the bowed harp leads via the intermediate stage of a resonator attached to the semicircular string carrier. The rare Afghan waji , classified inconsistently as a musical bow or bowed harp, has such a wooden resonator equipped with a skin cover, the strings of which are individually stretched.{{cite encyclopedia |author= Ulrich Wegner |title=Musikbögen und Musikstäbe|publisher= MGG Online |date= November 2016 |url=https://www.mgg-online.com/mgg/stable/11479}}

African harps have many names in different languages and dialects. These include:

• Adeudeu, Uganda and Kenya, Teso people. Arched harp.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Adeudeu|volume= 1 |page=23 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Adungu, Uganda, Alur people. Arched harp.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Adungu (ii)|volume= 1 |page=25 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Ardin, Mauritania, Moorish women{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |last= Davies|first= Hugh|editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Ardin |volume= 1 |page=71 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Bolo-bogo, Ivory Coast, Senufo people. Single-stringed harp, played with one hand as rhythm instrument, other hand beats resonator as drum{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Bolo-bogo|volume= 1 |page=246 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Bolon, bolombata, West Africa, Manding people; Gambia, Mandinka people; Guinea, Maninka people; Mali, Maninka people. Arched harp; also classed as a harp lute.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Bolon |volume= 1 |page=246 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Bonguma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Balendu people. 5-string harp, horizontal.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Bonguma |volume= 1 |page=250 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Dilli, Chad, Masa people. 5-string arched harp, horizontal, with tuning pegs. Resonator struck with arm for additional rhythm{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Dilli |volume= 1 |page=568 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Do, Ivory Coast, Guere people. Angular harp or belly harp, 7 strings strung across triangular frame with calabash resonator.
• Domo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Bari people, Domo people, Mangbetu people, Ndongo people, Ngbele bpeople. Resembles kundi.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Domo |volume= 1 |page=583 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}{{cite web |website= Metropolitan Museum of Art |title= Figurative Harp (Domu) Mangbetu peoples 19th–20th century |url= https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/310841}}
• Donnu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mangbetu people. Arched harp, 5 strings. May no longer be in use.{{cite web|website= National Music Museum|title= Images from The Beede Gallery Arched Harp (Donnu) by Mangbetu People Uele River Region, Belgian Congo, ca. 1910-1920|url= http://collections.nmmusd.org/Africa/5893/ArchedHarp5893.html|access-date= 2023-03-15|archive-date= 2021-05-14|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210514073949/http://collections.nmmusd.org/Africa/5893/ArchedHarp5893.html|url-status= dead}}
• Ekidongo, Ekinongo, Uganda, Nyro people. Arched harp, resembles ennanga. Also 3-string musical bow of Nkole people.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Ekidongo |volume= 1 |page=648 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Ekihato, Uganda, Konjo people. Arched harp.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Ekihako |volume= 1 |page=648 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Ennanga, Uganda, Ganda people. Arched harp with tuning pegs or tuning rings.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |last= Gourlay |first= K.A. |article= Ennanga |volume= 1 |page=711 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}{{cite web |website= Smithsonian |title= Musical Instruments Ennanga Culture Ganda 19th century |url= https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/501536}}{{cite web |website= Smithsonian |title= Musical Instruments Ennanga (harp) Ugandan 19th century |url= https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/502219}} Enanga is also a name for a trough zither.
• Entongoli, Uganda, Jopadhola people.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Entongoli |volume= 1 |page=712 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Galdyama, Chad & Cameroon, Kotogo people. Arched harp, 5 strings, string attached to neck with pegs. Trio of harps of which galyma is smallest and highest pitched. Other two are the direnda and the kolo.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Galdyama |volume= 2 |page= 7|date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}

:*Direndana, West Africa, Kotoko people/ Same as galdyama (middle sized)/{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Direndana |volume= 1 |page=572 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}

:*Kolo, West Africa, Kotoko people. Same as Galdyama (largest size, lowest notes){{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Kolo (ii) |volume= 2 |page=453 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}

• Gonfi, Gabon, Pygmy people. 8-string arched harp.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Gonfi |volume= 1 |page=60 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Gundi, Chad & Cameroon, Kotoko people. 8-string arched harp.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Gundi|volume= 2 |page= 110 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Juru, Ivory Coast, Baule people. Both arched harp, belly harp, musical bow. Bow with 6 strings, calabash resonator held to stomach.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Juru |volume= 2 |pages=335–336 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Kimasa, Uganda, Soga people. Arched harp, resembles ennanga.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Kimasa|volume= 2 |page=429 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Kinanga, Uganda, Konjo people.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Kinanga |volume= 2 |page=431|date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Kinde, Chad, Barma people. arched harp, 5 strings, tuning pegs.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Kinde|volume= 2 |page=431 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Kindingding, Cameroon, Fali people. Arched harp, 5 strings, tuning pegs, boat shaped resonator.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |last= Gourlay |first= K. A. |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Kindingding|volume= 2 |page=431 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Komba, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Budu people. Arched harp, resembles kundi{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |last= Gourlay |first= K. A. |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Komba |volume= 2 |page=453 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Kondu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zande people. Arched harp.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Kondu |volume= 2 |page=456 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Kunda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mangbetu people. Arched harp, resembles kundi.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Kunda |volume= 2 |page=484 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Kundé, Chad, Sara Gambaye people. Arched harp, 6 strings. Can be used instead of human voice to transmit messages.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Kundé|volume= 2 |page=485 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Kundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo & Central African Republic. Arched harp, related to ngombi. Neck is sometimes arched, sometimes angular.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Kundi |volume= 2 |page=485 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Kundu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Arched harp.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Kundu (iii) |volume= 2 |page=486 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Kunnee 5-string arched harp, Chad, Gula people with the end opposite the neck flat. Strings are attached to neck with pegs.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |last= Brandily |first= Minique |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Kunnee |volume= 2 |page=486 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Kurbi, Sudan, Nubian people. 5-strings played with left hand, resonator is drummed with right hand.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Kurbi|volume= 2 |page=488 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Loma, Liberia. Angular harp.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Loma |volume= 2 |page=537 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Loterokuma, Uganda, Acholi people. Arched harp, resembles ennanga.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Loterokuma |volume= 2 |page=539 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Maringa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bajanje people. Arched harp, resembles kundi.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Maringa (i) |volume= 2 |page=617 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}*Nandomo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mangbetu people. Arched harp, resembles kundi.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Nandomo |volume= 2 |page=746 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Nanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Azande people, Mangbetu people.{{cite web |website= Smithsonian |title= Nanga Azande or Mangbetu people late 19th–early 20th century |url= https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/504539}}
• Nango, Uganda, Ganda people. 8-string harp.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Nango |volume= 2 |page=747 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Nedomu, neduma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mangbetu people and Meje people. Arched harp, resembles kundi.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Nedomu |volume= 2 |page=746 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Ngombi, Cameroon and Central African Republic and Gabon. Arched harp, 8-10 strings. Users include Ngbaka people, Fang people, Kele people, Tsogo people, Miene people. Related or same as gonfi, ngonfi, ombi, wombi.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Ngombi (i) |volume= 2 |page=764 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}{{cite web |website= Smithsonian |title= Ngombi (arched Harp) Fang/Kele people 19th century |url= https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/502965 }}{{cite web |website= Smithsonian |title= Ngombi Tsogo mid-20th century |url= https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/504481}}
• Ngombo, Gabon, Tsogo people. Arched harp, 8 strings, vertical. {{cite web |website= Smithsonian |title= Ngombo Tsogo People 19th century |url= https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/503193}}
• Ngonfi, Gabon, Manango people. Arched harp, 8 strings.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Ngonfi (ii) |volume= 2 |page=765 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Nkundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zande people, Bondo people, Bari people. Arched harp, resembles kundi.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Nkundi |volume= 2 |page=771 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Ntongoni, Uganda, Ganda people, Soga people. Horizontal harp, 6 strings.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Ntongoni |volume= 2 |page=785 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Ombi, Gabon, Fang people, Pahuin people. Arched harp, 8 strings. Related to or same as ngombi.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Ombi |volume= 2 |page=816 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}{{cite web |website= Smithsonian |title= Ombi Fang/Pahuin late 19th century |url= https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/501978}}
• Opuk agoya, Uganda, Acholi people. Arched harp, resembles ennanga.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Opuk agoya |volume= 2 |page=823 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Ore, Uganda, Madi people. Arched harp, resembles ennanga.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Ore |volume= 2 |page=838 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Orodo, Uganda, Madi people. Arched harp, resembles ennanga.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Orodo |volume= 2 |page=973 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Otongoli, Uganda, Gwere people. Arched harp, resembles ennanga.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Otongoli |volume= 2 |page=977 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Ougdyé, African harp.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Ougdyé |volume= 2 |page=977 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Seto, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ngbaka people. Resembles kundi.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Seto |volume= 3 |page=354 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Tongoli, Uganda, Dhola people. 8-string harp.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Tongoli|volume= 3 |page=606 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Tum, Uganda, Lango people, Labwor people. Arched harp, resembles ennanga.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Tum (ii) |volume= 3 |page=674 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Wombi, Gabon, Fang people. Arched harp, 8 strings.{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Wombi |volume= 3 |page=861 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}
• Yom biBagirmi, Nigeria, Birom people. Arched harp, 6-7 strings. {{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |editor= Sadie Stanley |article= Yom biBagirmi |volume= 3 |page=885 |date= 1984 |publisher= Macmillan}}

• African music
• Congolese second frand The 5 cent banknote has a Zande harp on its reverse.
• Gravikord
• Kafir harp
• Kora

{{reflist}}

• {{cite EB1911|wstitle = Nanga|volume=19 }}

{{Harps}}

Category:African musical instruments

Category:Arched harps