Agaricus xanthodermus
{{Short description|Species of fungus}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Agaricus xanthodermus_section.jpg
| genus = Agaricus
| species = xanthodermus
| authority = Genev. (1876)
| synonyms = *Pratella xanthoderma (Genev.) Gillet (1884)
- Psalliota xanthoderma (Genev.) Richon & Roze (1885)
- Fungus xanthodermus (Genev.) Kuntze (1898)
}}
{{Mycomorphbox
| name = Agaricus xanthodermus
| whichGills = free
| capShape = convex
| hymeniumType = gills
| stipeCharacter = ring
| ecologicalType = saprotrophic
| sporePrintColor = brown
| howEdible = caution
| howEdible2 = poisonous
}}
Agaricus xanthodermus, commonly known as the yellow-staining agaricus,{{Cite book |last=Arora |first=David |title=Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi |date=1986 |publisher=Ten Speed Press |isbn=978-0-89815-169-5 |edition=Second |location=Berkeley}} yellow-staining mushroom or yellow-stainer, is a mushroom of the
genus Agaricus, which displays a strong yellow colouration at the base of the stem when cut. It has a phenolic smell. It is poisonous for most people, causing gastrointestinal upset, but can be eaten by some without apparent negative effect.
Taxonomy
This species was first officially defined under the name Agaricus xanthodermus in 1876 by Léon Gaston Genevier, in a letter published in the bulletin of the French Botanical Society. Genevier described the Agaricus mushrooms commonly eaten (perhaps sometimes inadvisedly) in the region of Nantes, and attempted to clarify the distinctions between them. He proposed a detailed reclassification into 5 species, including this new one. Apparently up until that time, these yellow-staining mushrooms were considered to be just varieties of other species which are edible: A. arvensis, [http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=508604 A. edulis], and A. silvicola.
The epithet xanthodermus is derived from the Ancient Greek words for "yellow" and "skin", which were then given a Latin adjective ending. This is the official name, but the form Agaricus xanthoderma is also often seen. In the latter name, -derma "skin" is a neuter noun which does not have to agree in gender with Agaricus, and so this form is legal according to the rules of botanical nomenclature.
Description
The cap ranges from {{convert|5–15|cm|round=0.5|abbr=on}} in diameter.{{Cite book|last1=Davis|first1=R. Michael|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797915861|title=Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America|last2=Sommer|first2=Robert|last3=Menge|first3=John A.|publisher=University of California Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-520-95360-4|location=Berkeley|pages=230|oclc=797915861}} It is initially convex, with some young specimens having a squarish shape, though flattening with age. It is whitish, with light brown tints towards the centre. The cap is dry and smooth, but can be scaly when old. The gills of this mushroom progress from pale-pink to a chocolate color. Its white stipe measures {{Cvt|5-12|cm}} tall and 1–3 wide, and is bulbous with a skirt-like ring. Microscopically, the cheilocystidia are club-shaped. The spores are brown, elliptical, and smooth, measuring 6–7 × 3–4 μm.
Agaricus xanthodermus has an unpleasant characteristic smell, which is phenolic, reminiscent of ink or carbolic soap. The smell is especially strong at the base of the stem. On cooking, the smell becomes very noticeable, and this may deter people from eating it inadvertently.
{{gallery|mode=packed
|2011-10-13 Agaricus xanthodermus Genev 181971.jpg|Specimens amongst grass
|Karbol-Champignion2.png|After cooking this poisonous species, the flesh turns yellow.
}}
=Related species=
The main identifying feature is an immediate bright yellow colouration on cutting through the base of the stem, or scraping the flesh; later, the affected area fades to a dull brown. Numerous edible Agaricus species, such as A. augustus, A. arvensis and A. silvicola, turn yellow to a greater or lesser extent, but they do not display such an intense reaction.
Agaricus xanthodermus belongs to a group of related species (the "Xanthodermati") which likewise discolour bright yellow and have a phenolic smell. They include A. praeclaresquamosus (formerly A. placomyces) which has dark grey scales, A. moelleri, and A. pilatianus, which does not have a bulbous stem.
Agaricus californicus is also similar in appearance.
Distribution and habitat
Toxicity
Although it appears that some people can eat this mushroom without ill effects, it contains toxins which can cause serious gastric problems.{{cite book|last1=Miller Jr.|first1=Orson K.|title=North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi|last2=Miller|first2=Hope H.|publisher=FalconGuide|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7627-3109-1|location=Guilford, CN|pages=276|author-link=Orson K. Miller Jr.}} It is indigestible and gives rise to symptoms of sweating, flushing, and severe stomach cramps.
Of those who gather Agaricus-style mushrooms, about 50% of the cases of poisoning are from this species.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
See also
References
{{Reflist|refs=
Binomial names may take the form "noun + adjective", "noun + nominative noun" or "noun + genitive noun" as explained in this section of the Binomial nomenclature article. There is agreement in gender only in the "noun + adjective" case (as in Agaricus xanthodermus, which means something like "yellow-skinned Agaricus"), but Agaricus xanthoderma is the second type (like "Agaricus yellow-skin") and there the endings do not agree. Another similar example is Agaricus silvicola (which means "Agaricus, inhabitant of the woods").
}}
- Collins Gem Guide: Mushrooms and Toadstools, Stefan Buckzacki (1982).
- {{commons category-inline|italic=1}}
- {{wikispecies-inline|Agaricus xanthodermus|Agaricus xanthodermus}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1349044}}
Category:Fungi described in 1876