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AgustaWestland Apache#Avionics and sensors

{{short description|Attack helicopter series of the British Army}}

{{Good article}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

{{Infobox aircraft

| name = Apache AH1

| image = File:AH64D Longbow Apache - Duxford Autumn Airshow 2010 (modified).jpg

| caption = An Apache AH1 at the Duxford Autumn Airshow 2010

| alt =

| type = Attack helicopter

| national_origin = {{Plainlist|

  • United States
  • United Kingdom

}}

| manufacturer = {{Plainlist|

}}

| designer =

| first_flight = September 1998

| introduction = 2004

| retired = 25 March 2024 (AH1)

| status = Retired (AH1)

| primary_user = British Army

| more_users =

| produced = 1998–2004

| number_built = 67

| unit cost = £35 million

| program cost = £4.1 billion

| developed_from = Boeing AH-64D Apache Longbow

| variants =

}}

The AgustaWestland Apache is a licence-built version of the Boeing AH-64D Apache Longbow attack helicopter for the British Army Air Corps. The first eight helicopters were built by Boeing; the remaining 59 were assembled by Westland Helicopters (later AgustaWestland) at Yeovil, Somerset in England from Boeing-supplied kits. Changes from the AH-64D include Rolls-Royce Turbomeca RTM322 engines, a new electronic defensive aids suite and a folding blade mechanism allowing the British version to operate from ships. The helicopter was initially designated WAH-64 by Westland Helicopters and was later given the designation Apache AH Mk 1 (also written as "Apache AH1") by the Ministry of Defence.

The Apache was a valued form of close air support in the conflict in Afghanistan, being deployed to the region in 2006. Naval trials and temporary deployments at sea had proven the aircraft as an able platform to operate from the decks of ships, which was a unique application of the Apache amongst its operators. British Apaches also served in the NATO 2011 military intervention in Libya operating from Royal Navy ships.

The Apache AH1 was retired in 25 March 2024 and all models were remanufactured to the later AH-64E version.{{Cite web |title=British Army retires Apache AH1 attack helicopters, declares AH-64Es 'operationally ready' |url= https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/british-army-retires-apache-ah1-attack-helicopters-declares-ah-64es-operationally-ready|access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}

Development

The requirement for a new attack helicopter was identified by the British government in the early 1990s. In 1993, invitations to bid were issued. Bids received included the Eurocopter Tiger, a modernised Bell AH-1 SuperCobra, the AH-64 Apache, the Boeing/Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche, and the Agusta A129 Mangusta.{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-chop.html?pagewanted=1 |title= U.K. Must Choose 1 of 3 Attack Copters: Pitched Battle Near Done |first= Erik |last= Ipsen |work= The New York Times |date= 13 July 1995 |access-date= 14 February 2017 |archive-date= 19 April 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150419190536/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-chop.html?pagewanted=1 |url-status= live}} Both the Tiger, Commanche and upgraded Cobra variant required more development, and thus risk, while the Apache was combat proven, though its performance in the First Gulf War was criticised by competitors. Westland and the Apache was selected in July 1995, and a contract for 67 helicopters was signed in 1996.AgustaWestland 2011, p. 2.{{cite web |url= http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-6339513_ITM |title= High Noon For Tiger And Apache |publisher= Interavia Business & Technology |first= Nick |last= Cook |date= 1 May 1995 |access-date= 3 May 2010 |archive-date= 19 July 2012 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120719050302/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-6339513_ITM |url-status= live}}

{{Quote box|align=right|width=30%|quote="I have no doubt whatsoever that the Attack Helicopter will represent the biggest single enhancement to the Army's capability for many years. It will change the way we go to battle. Now we have taken the decision to buy the Apache, the Army must ensure that doctrine is developed to allow us to make the fullest possible use of its tremendous capability."|source= Chief of the General Staff, General Sir Charles Guthrie, 1996.}}

In September 1998, Westland produced the first prototype WAH-64 Apache under licence from Boeing.Mcgowen 2005, p. 214. The first nine Apache AH1s were authorised for service by the director of British Army Aviation on 16 January 2001. The 67th and final Apache was handed over to the British Army in July 2004.{{cite web|url= http://www.agustawestland.com/node/3232 |title=British Army Receives 67th Apache In Ceremony Held At The Farnborough Air Show 2004 |publisher=AgustaWestland |date=21 July 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707095747/http://www.agustawestland.com/node/3232 |archive-date=7 July 2011}} The helicopter fleet's cost was around £3.1 billion, with a total acquisition cost of £4.1 billion.National Audit Office 2002, p. 8.

Reliability had been questioned by US Apache operations, the entire fleet in the Balkans had been grounded due to serious tail rotor failures in 1999.{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/10/us/repairs-planned-for-army-helicopters.html |title= Repairs Planned For Army Helicopters |publisher= New York Press |date= 10 November 1999 |access-date= 14 February 2017 |archive-date= 2 July 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170702212425/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/10/us/repairs-planned-for-army-helicopters.html |url-status= live}}{{cite news |url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FV&p_theme=fv&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F55000022413A5A&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title= Some Apaches To Be Grounded 10 Months |work= Fayetteville Observer |date= 11 November 1999 |access-date= 1 June 2011 |archive-date= 8 June 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110608182629/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FV&p_theme=fv&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F55000022413A5A&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |url-status= live}} In 1998, the AN/APG-78 Longbow radar's development ran into problems regarding its weight, impact upon overall agility, and data transfer abilities.{{cite web |url= http://www.gao.gov/products/NSIAD-98-203 |title= Army Aviation: Apache Longbow Weight and Communication Issues |publisher= U.S. Government Accountability Office |date= 15 September 1998 |access-date= 2 June 2011 |archive-date= 6 February 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110206091144/http://www.gao.gov/products/NSIAD-98-203 |url-status= live}} These problems with key aircraft components, and fleet's high cost, led to calls for its cancellation in 1999.{{cite web |url= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-60433589.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121104013646/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-60433589.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 4 November 2012 |title= UK set to axe Apache |first= Kevin |last= Maguire |work= Daily Mirror |date= 4 August 1999}}

When the requirement for the Apache had been formalised in the early 1990s, military doctrine assumed that a large conventional armoured assault from the Eastern Bloc was Britain's main threat. Following the collapse and break-up of the Soviet Union, the concepts of flexibility and rapid response took precedence.National Audit Office 2002, p. 6. The UK's Strategic Defence Review called for Apaches to undertake amphibious attack missions, operating from the helicopter carrier {{HMS|Ocean|L12|6}}, the {{sclass|Invincible|aircraft carrier|0}} aircraft carriers (all since retired) and their successors, the {{sclass|Queen Elizabeth|aircraft carrier|0}} aircraft carriers, and possibly the amphibious assault vessels {{HMS|Bulwark|L15|6}} and {{HMS|Albion|L14|2}}.National Audit Office 2002, pp. 9, 22–23. Each squadron equipped with the Apache should have eight operational aircraft.Heyman 2005, p. 114.

The Westland Apache experienced delays in entering service due to complications with the modifications made for British service.National Audit Office 2002, p. 7. Prior to the Apache entering service in 2004, several development problems were noted, including a lack of the ability to securely communicate with other helicopters and a risk of damage to the tail rotor and airframe from firing its Hellfire missiles.{{cite web |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1411721/Warning-over-Apache-helicopter-failings.html |title= Warning over Apache helicopter failings |work= The Telegraph |first= Michael |last= Smith |date= 31 October 2002 |access-date= 2 April 2018 |archive-date= 19 November 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181119051555/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1411721/Warning-over-Apache-helicopter-failings.html |url-status= live}}{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/nov/18/military.immigrationpolicy |title= Helicopters 'at risk' of friendly fire |work= The Guardian |first= David |last= Hencke |date= 18 November 2003 |access-date= 16 December 2016 |archive-date= 23 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170423065828/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/nov/18/military.immigrationpolicy |url-status= live}} The problem with using the Hellfire was debris generated by the firing of missiles, both the Hellfire and CRV7 rockets, could strike the body of the aircraft and cause damage; resolving this issue created a delay to training programmes. These problems were corrected prior to entering service, a secure communications suite was installed and Hellfire missiles are routinely fired by Apaches.{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/aircraft/1531.aspx |title=Apache |publisher=British Army |access-date=3 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315075815/http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/aircraft/1531.aspx |archive-date=15 March 2010}}Bishop and Laurier 2005, p. 47. In 2002, government sources stated that full operational capability was set to be achieved by 2010.National Audit Office 2002, p. 22.

In 2005, an out-of-service date for the Apache was forecast at 2030.{{cite web |first= Craig |last= Hoyle |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/05/31/198702/british-army-stands-up-first-apache-regiment.html |title= British Army stands up first Apache regiment |work= Flight International |date= 31 May 2005}} Various options were considered for maintaining the capability:

  • A capability sustainment programme (CSP) to extend the existing fleet's life to 2040.{{cite web |first= Craig |last= Hoyle |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uk-weighing-options-for-apache-attack-helicopter-upgrade-379558/ |title= UK weighing options for Apache attack helicopter upgrade |work= Flight International |date= 28 November 2012 |access-date= 6 November 2013 |archive-date= 10 November 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131110180608/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uk-weighing-options-for-apache-attack-helicopter-upgrade-379558/ |url-status= live}}
  • Buying new Block III helicopters
  • Remanufacturing to AH-64E standard, i.e. putting the existing engines and avionics into new airframes.{{cite news |url=http://www.janes.com/article/29255/adex-2013-us-sequestration-buys-time-for-uk-apache-decision-makers |title=ADEX 2013: US sequestration buys time for UK Apache decision makers |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |newspaper=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly |date=30 October 2013 |access-date=12 November 2013 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112005739/http://www.janes.com/article/29255/adex-2013-us-sequestration-buys-time-for-uk-apache-decision-makers |url-status=live}}

In August 2015, the UK requested the upgrade of 50 of its Apaches to AH-64E standard through a US Foreign Military Sale.{{cite web |url= http://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/united-kingdom-ah-64e-apache-guardian-attack-helicopters |title= United Kingdom – AH-64E Apache Guardian Attack Helicopters |publisher= Defense Security Cooperation Agency |access-date= 29 August 2015 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150905090145/http://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/united-kingdom-ah-64e-apache-guardian-attack-helicopters |url-status= live}} The order was confirmed in 2016,{{Citation |work = Defense news |date = 11 July 2016 |url = https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/farnborough/2016/07/11/uk-announces-p-8-apache-buys/ |title = UK announces Apache buys}}. with the contract for remanufacturing of the first 38 awarded in 2017 and the remaining 12 in 2019.{{Citation |date = May 2017 |title = Helicopters AH-64 rebuild |work = Military aerospace |url = https://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2017/05/helicopters-ah-64-rebuild.html |access-date = 21 April 2019 |archive-date = 21 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190421011200/https://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2017/05/helicopters-ah-64-rebuild.html |url-status = live}}.{{cite news |last= Jennings |first= Gareth |date= 10 March 2020 |title= UK now has all 50 AH-64E Apaches under contract |url= https://www.janes.com/article/94804/uk-now-has-all-50-ah-64e-apaches-under-contract |work= Jane's |access-date= 4 April 2020 |archive-date= 28 March 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200328061102/https://www.janes.com/article/94804/uk-now-has-all-50-ah-64e-apaches-under-contract |url-status= live}} Leonardo Helicopters continued to lead the support to the Apache AH1s until they were retired from service in 2024.{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/mod-orders-new-fleet-of-cutting-edge-apache-helicopters-for-army |title=MOD orders new fleet of cutting-edge Apache helicopters for Army |publisher=UK Ministry of Defence |date=11 July 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |archive-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712141508/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/mod-orders-new-fleet-of-cutting-edge-apache-helicopters-for-army |url-status=live}} The Apache AH1 was remanufactured by Boeing to become AH-64E Version 6 aircraft with US engines.{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/news-and-events/news/2020/11/new-apache-helicopter/|title=Apache AH-64E heralds new era in modern British military aviation|access-date=30 November 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201053231/https://www.army.mod.uk/news-and-events/news/2020/11/new-apache-helicopter/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |title=UK receives first remanufactured AH-64E Apache helos |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/uk-receives-first-remanufactured-ah-64e-apache-helos |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}

The Australian Army purchased two retired AgustaWestland Apaches in 2024. The helicopters will be used as non-flying training aids ahead of the delivery of AH-64E Apaches to the Army. Both helicopters were transported from the UK to the US in March 2024 to be modified to ground training airframes.{{cite news |last1=Pittaway |first1=Nigel |title=Army buys former UK Apaches |url=https://www.australiandefence.com.au/news/news/army-buys-former-uk-apaches |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=Australian Defence Magazine |date=4 April 2024 |language=en}}

Design

File:A British Army WAH-64 'Apache' attack helicopter prior to firing its underslung 30mm cannon. Lulworth Camp-Bovington Ranges, Dorset. 19-11-2002 MOD 45142233.jpg

{{External media|topic=|width=12% |float=right |video1=[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13541379 BBC Tour of an Apache]}}

Several deviations were made to the standard Apache design used by the US and those exported to other countries. One major difference is the use of a pair of Rolls-Royce Turbomeca RTM322 01/12 engines, replacing the original General Electric T700-GE-701C engines.{{cite web|url=http://www.turbomeca.com/public/turbomeca_v2/html/en/produits/sous_famille_home.php?sfid=509&mid=615 |title=RTM 322 |publisher=Turbomeca |access-date=29 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803231550/http://www.turbomeca.com/public/turbomeca_v2/html/en/produits/sous_famille_home.php?sfid=509&mid=615 |archive-date=3 August 2009}} The Rolls-Royce engine produces {{convert|1565|kW|hp|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} vs. {{convert|1410|kW|hp|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} for the GE T700C engine. Compared to many helicopters used by coalition forces in Afghanistan, the Apache required less modification to serve in the region due to special filters incorporated into the engine design.{{cite web |first= Caroline |last= Wyatt |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13558053 |title= How UK's Apache helicopters could aid Libya mission |work= BBC News |date= 26 May 2011 |access-date= 20 June 2018 |archive-date= 19 September 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180919051218/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13558053 |url-status= live}} Another change is the folding blade mechanism to stow the helicopters in confined spaces;{{cite web |url= http://www.navynews.co.uk/articles/2004/0405/0004051101.asp |title= Apache Moves Closer To Front Line |publisher= Navy News |date= 11 May 2004 |access-date= 3 May 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110611043406/http://www.navynews.co.uk/articles/2004/0405/0004051101.asp |archive-date= 11 June 2011 |url-status= dead}} the rotor blades also have anti-ice protection to allow operations in Arctic environments.

There were changes made to the sensor and avionics outfitting the craft as well; connectivity with the BOWMAN secure communications system to interact with other British military units being a significant one.{{cite web |url= http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4058142/General-Dynamics-Awarded-25-Million.html |title= General Dynamics Awarded 25 Million Pounds Sterling Apache BOWMAN Connectivity Contract |agency= PR Newswire |date= 26 June 2003 |access-date= 3 May 2010 |archive-date= 15 June 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615034919/http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4058142/General-Dynamics-Awarded-25-Million.html |url-status= live}} The Leonardo (formerly Selex ES) Helicopter Integrated Defensive Aids System (HIDAS) was also fitted.{{cite web |url= http://www.shephard.co.uk/news/rotorhub-com/selex-to-focus-on-integrated-das-at-old-crows/4233/ |title= Selex to focus on integrated DAS at Old Crows |publisher= Shepard |date= 18 October 2009 |access-date= 3 May 2010 |archive-date= 17 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110717063643/http://www.shephard.co.uk/news/rotorhub-com/selex-to-focus-on-integrated-das-at-old-crows/4233/ |url-status= live}} The HIDAS system was retrofitted onto the aircraft in mid-2004 just prior to entering service, along with several redesigned composite bodywork components.Hoyle 2004, p. 59.

Instead of the American Hydra 70 rocket pods, the Westland Apache can carry up to 76 CRV7 rockets. The CRV7 uses a modular warhead: "a high explosive, semi-armour piercing warhead for attacks on unarmoured targets and a kinetic energy penetrator, which contains no explosive, for attacks on armoured targets".[http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/crv7.cfm RAF History, CRV-7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404191720/http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/crv7.cfm |date=4 April 2012}}. There used to be a third type of warhead: the Multi-Purpose Sub Munition (MPSM), which was a controversial weapon as it has been classified as a cluster bomb;{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmhansrd/cm100325/text/100325w0002.htm|title=House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 25 Mar 2010 (pt 0002)|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114130634/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmhansrd/cm100325/text/100325w0002.htm|url-status=live}} each rocket contained nine M73 submunitions.{{cite web|url=http://www.mineaction.org/downloads/1/hrw_policy%20survey.pdf |title=Survey of Cluster Munition Policy and Practice, pub Human Rights Watch |date=February 2007 |page=18}}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} In May 2008, several senior officers, such as General David Ramsbotham spoke out against British plans to keep the weapon.{{cite news |first= Sangita |last= Myska |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7407564.stm |title= UK seeks cluster bomb exemption |work= BBC News |date= 19 May 2008 |access-date= 28 May 2011 |archive-date= 6 December 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081206134558/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7407564.stm |url-status= live}}{{cite web |url= http://www.heraldscotland.com/the-great-british-bomb-scandal-1.828650 |title= The great British bomb scandal |work= The Herald |location= Glasgow |date= 28 May 2011 |access-date= 28 May 2011 |archive-date= 10 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121010072858/http://www.heraldscotland.com/the-great-british-bomb-scandal-1.828650 |url-status= live}} In the same month, Britain, as one of the 111 participating nations, agreed to ban cluster bombs on humanitarian grounds.{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/97996 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801185032/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/97996 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 August 2012 |title=Envoys agree on treaty banning cluster bombs |publisher=GMA News Online |date=29 May 2008}} Britain destroyed the last of its CRV7 MPSMs in July 2009.

File:Longbow Radar MOD 45148279.jpg

Like the US AH-64D Apache Longbow, the Apache AH1 carried an AN/APG-78 Longbow fire-control radar (FCR) and Radar Frequency Interferometer (RFI), providing an integrated surveillance and attack system. The 'Longbow' radar was the bulbous unit over the rotor hub assembly; radar placement above the rotors allowed the Apache to hover behind cover scanning for targets, with only the radar unit exposed.{{cite web |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1491846/Give-us-an-enemy-to-fight-says-chief-of-Britains-Apache-helicopter-fleet.html |title= Give us an enemy to fight, says chief of Britain's Apache helicopter fleet |first= Sean |last= Rayment |work= The Daily Telegraph |date= 12 June 2005 |access-date= 2 April 2018 |archive-date= 6 July 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160706193849/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1491846/Give-us-an-enemy-to-fight-says-chief-of-Britains-Apache-helicopter-fleet.html |url-status= live}} Additionally, the Longbow radar could monitor traffic in the Apache's airspace. The radar could also be used for surveillance and terrain profiling.{{cite web |last=Martin |first=Lockheed |title=AN/APR-48A Radar Frequency Interferometer |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/data/assets/12432.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020223512/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/data/assets/12432.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 October 2011 |access-date=20 July 2011}} A modem was interfaced into the Longbow radar and other sensor systems to relay information to other aircraft, this allowed other Apaches to fire on targets identified by only a single helicopter.{{cite web |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/landingpage/apache.html |title= Helicopter profile: Boeing AH-64 Apache |work= Flight International |access-date= 2 February 2010 |archive-date= 17 May 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090517062044/http://www.flightglobal.com/landingpage/apache.html |url-status= live}}

File:An Apache attack helicopter pilot of 4 REGT AAC inspects his aircraft while he awaits tasking. MOD 45160148.jpg

AgustaWestland made several upgrades to Britain's Apache fleet. In May 2005, a $212 million contract was awarded to equip all the Mk1 helicopters with the Apache Arrowhead sensor system upgrade, to be completed by 2010.{{cite web |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/12/01/319589/british-army-receives-first-upgraded-apaches.html |title= British Army receives first upgraded Apaches |first= Craig |last= Hoyle |work= Flight International |date= 1 December 2008 |access-date= 6 May 2011 |archive-date= 5 December 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081205074700/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/12/01/319589/british-army-receives-first-upgraded-apaches.html |url-status= live}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20111020210724/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2005/UnitedKingdomAwardsLockhe.html "United Kingdom Awards Lockheed Martin $212 Million Contract For Arrowhead System Production"] Lockheed Martin. 2 May 2005. In 2009, it was announced that AgustaWestland was also integrating new external fuel tanks with ballistic protection.{{cite book |first= Gareth |last= Jennings |title= Jane's international defense review: Volume 42 |publisher= Jane's Information Group |year= 2009 |page= 25}} The magazine could be replaced with an Integrated Ammunition and Fuel unit, which reduced the ammunition capacity but increased loitering time. It had been suggested that advanced rotor blades and additional controls to improve the agility of the aircraft may have been fitted in a mid-life update of the fleet.Finch 1996, p. 2.

{{clear}}

Operational history

=Overview=

File:Army Air Corps Apache Helicopter Pilot Prepares forTake Off MOD 45154502.jpg

In May 2005, the first Apache-equipped regiment achieved operational status.{{cite web |url= http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4309208/First-Apache-Attack-Helicopter-regiment.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120311164652/http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4309208/First-Apache-Attack-Helicopter-regiment.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 11 March 2012 |title= First Apache Attack Helicopter regiment fully operational |publisher= M2 Presswire |date= 25 May 2005}} The Westland Apache replaced the Westland Lynx AH7 as the British Army's tactical attack helicopter. The Apache was operated by two regiments of the Army Air Corps (3 Regt AAC and 4 Regt AAC) as part of 1st Aviation Brigade. The Apache was intended to operate in the armed reconnaissance and attack roles, similar to the US usage of Apaches during the 1991 Gulf War. Unlike US versions, the Westland Apache had been partially navalised and for a time served aboard Royal Navy ships in addition to its land-based role. It achieved maritime certification in December 2005 aboard HMS Ocean. On 17 November 2006, HMS Ark Royal became the first aircraft carrier to land an Apache AH1.{{cite web |url= http://www.aviationtoday.com/rw/topstories/6760.html |title= Apache Lands on U.K. Carrier Ark Royal |publisher= Aviation Today |date= 17 November 2006 |access-date= 4 May 2010 |archive-date= 3 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184045/http://www.aviationtoday.com/rw/topstories/6760.html |url-status= live}}

They first appeared in combat as part of Operation Herrick in Afghanistan in May 2006. In August 2006, the intense usage of Apaches in Afghanistan led to British commanders admitting that weapons and spare parts were being used at a far greater rate, and subsequently a greater cost, than anticipated.{{cite web |first= Neil |last= Tweedie |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1527468/Troops-use-up-ammo-as-war-with-Taliban-claims-14th-life.html |title= Troops use up ammo as war with Taliban claims 14th life |work= The Telegraph |date= 28 August 2006 |access-date= 2 April 2018 |archive-date= 7 July 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160707105216/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1527468/Troops-use-up-ammo-as-war-with-Taliban-claims-14th-life.html |url-status= live}} On 11 November 2007, it was reported that half of the Apache gunships in British service had been grounded as they had fallen below the level considered "fit for purpose", along with several other British Helicopters such as the Chinook and Merlin HC3.{{cite web |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1568987/Half-of-Army-gunships-are-grounded.html |title= Half of Army gunships are grounded |first= Robert |last= Watts |work= The Daily Telegraph |date= 11 November 2007 |access-date= 2 April 2018 |archive-date= 25 September 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150925144748/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1568987/Half-of-Army-gunships-are-grounded.html |url-status= live}} By November 2008, the situation had further declined, out of 67 aircraft only 20 were available for combat operations.{{cite web |first= Sean |last= Rayment |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/3501340/Fewer-than-one-in-three-of-Britains-Apache-attack-helicopters-fit-for-purpose.html |title= Fewer than one in three of Britain's Apache attack helicopters 'fit for purpose' |work= The Telegraph |date= 22 November 2008 |access-date= 2 April 2018 |archive-date= 10 October 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161010074619/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/3501340/Fewer-than-one-in-three-of-Britains-Apache-attack-helicopters-fit-for-purpose.html |url-status= live}} In 2009, AgustaWestland was awarded a contract for support services for the Apache and many components such as the Longbow radar; in the following months senior officers noted that the support change had resulted in higher availability.{{cite web |url= http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Supporting-Britains-Apaches-WAH-64-IOS-Contract-05845/ |title= Supporting Britain's Apaches: AW's IOS Contract |publisher= Defense Industry Daily |date= 22 February 2010 |access-date= 29 May 2011 |archive-date= 21 October 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111021015136/https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Supporting-Britains-Apaches-WAH-64-IOS-Contract-05845/ |url-status= live}} In June 2011, civilian maintainers of the Apache at Wattisham Airfield threatened industrial action over a pay dispute.[http://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/news/local/base_s_apache_engineers_could_take_strike_action_1_2781213 "Base’s Apache engineers could take strike action."]{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} Bury Free Press, 20 June 2011.

In October 2008 it was announced that Prince Harry had begun the process of qualifying to become an Apache pilot.{{cn|date=February 2020}} In May 2010, the terrorist organisation Al Qaeda threatened to abduct the prince if he piloted an Apache in Afghanistan.{{cite web |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-09/uk/28281583_1_al-qaida-qaida-secret-deployment |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120902075730/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-09/uk/28281583_1_al-qaida-qaida-secret-deployment |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2 September 2012 |work= The Times of India |title= Al-Qaida threatens to abduct Prince Harry, if he flies Apache helicopter |date = 9 May 2010}} In April 2011, Prince Harry was promoted to captain following his completion of Apache conversion training.{{cite web|first=Paul |last=Harrison |url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/Prince-Harry-Promoted-To-Captain-And-Trained-As-Apache-Attack-Helicopter-Pilot/Article/201104315973836?lpos=UK_News_Carousel_Region_2&lid=ARTICLE_15973836_Prince_Harry_Promoted_To_Captain_And_Trained_As_Apache_Attack_Helicopter_Pilot |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714124434/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/Prince-Harry-Promoted-To-Captain-And-Trained-As-Apache-Attack-Helicopter-Pilot/Article/201104315973836?lpos=UK_News_Carousel_Region_2&lid=ARTICLE_15973836_Prince_Harry_Promoted_To_Captain_And_Trained_As_Apache_Attack_Helicopter_Pilot |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 July 2012 |title=Prince Harry Reaches Rank of Army Captain |publisher=Sky News |date=17 April 2011}} In June 2011, sections of the media reported that Prince Harry was to deploy to Afghanistan as an Apache pilot in 2012.{{cite web |first = Nick |last = Collins |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-harry/8578644/Prince-Harry-to-return-to-Afghanistan.html |title = Prince Harry to return to Afghanistan |work = The Telegraph |date = 16 June 2011 |access-date = 2 April 2018 |archive-date = 14 June 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180614024632/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-harry/8578644/Prince-Harry-to-return-to-Afghanistan.html |url-status = live}} He subsequently deployed to Afghanistan as part of 662 Squadron in September 2012.{{cite web|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19516079|title = Prince Harry deployed to Afghanistan|publisher = BBC|date = 7 September 2012|access-date = 20 June 2018|archive-date = 22 June 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180622142200/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19516079|url-status = live}}

Three Apaches were deployed to Bardufoss Air Station in Norway in January 2019. The deployment, known as Exercise Clockwork, represented the aircraft's first cold weather training within the Arctic Circle.{{Cite web|url=https://www.forces.net/news/exercise-clockwork-army-apaches-make-arctic-debut|title=Exercise Clockwork: Army Apaches Make Arctic Debut|last=Ricks|first=Rebecca|date=29 January 2019|website=Forces Network|language=en|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053214/https://www.forces.net/news/exercise-clockwork-army-apaches-make-arctic-debut|url-status=live}}

=Afghanistan=

The Apache's first operational tour was as part of 16 Air Assault Brigade in Afghanistan; there were eight Apache AH1s deployed in Afghanistan in February 2007.{{cite journal |title= Parliamentary questions to The Secretary of State for Defence (Des Browne) |journal= Hansard |date= 26 February 2007 |url= https://publications.parliament.uk/cgi-bin/newhtml_hl?DB=semsimple&STEMMER=en&WORDS=apach&ALL=&ANY=&PHRASE=&CATEGORIES=&SIMPLE=apache&SPEAKER=&COLOUR=Red&STYLE=s&ANCHOR=70226-0002.htm_spnew19&URL=/pa/cm200607/cmhansrd/cm070226/debtext/70226-0002.htm#70226-0002.htm_spnew19 |id= 122586 |access-date= 20 October 2021 |archive-date= 21 January 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210121192514/https://publications.parliament.uk/cgi-bin/newhtml_hl?DB=semsimple&STEMMER=en&WORDS=apach&ALL=&ANY=&PHRASE=&CATEGORIES=&SIMPLE=apache&SPEAKER=&COLOUR=Red&STYLE=s&ANCHOR=70226-0002.htm_spnew19&URL=%2Fpa%2Fcm200607%2Fcmhansrd%2Fcm070226%2Fdebtext%2F70226-0002.htm#70226-0002.htm_spnew19 |url-status= live}} These were drawn from No. 656 Squadron and No. 664 Squadron of 9 Regiment AAC, based at Dishforth Airfield.{{cite news |last= Calvert |first= Denis J |title= Fact File: UK Air Power in Afghanistan |work= Aircraft Illustrated |page= 34 |publisher= Ian Allan |date= February 2007}} Unlike their American counterparts in Afghanistan, the Apache AH1 is deployed with its Longbow Fire Control Radar to enable the pilot to better manage traffic in their airspace.{{cite web |url= http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/afghan-field-report-british-wah-64ds-04289/ |title= Afghan Field Report: British WAH-64Ds |publisher= Defense Industry Daily |date= 26 November 2007 |access-date= 27 November 2007 |archive-date= 28 November 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071128151211/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/afghan-field-report-british-wah-64ds-04289/ |url-status= live}} Initially pilots had to often fly for 16–18 hours at a time due to the low number of Apaches in the theatre;{{cite web |first= Dan |last= Cairns |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13876560 |title= Precise and deadly: A pilot's view of the Apache |work= BBC News |date= 24 June 2011 |access-date= 20 June 2018 |archive-date= 15 April 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180415090414/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13876560 |url-status= live}} typically each Apache would be stationed in Afghanistan for eight weeks before returning to Britain for roughly eight weeks of maintenance.{{cite web |url= http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/KeepingTheApacheReadyToTakeOnTheTaliban.htm |title= Keeping the Apache ready to take on the Taliban |publisher= MOD |date= 12 January 2011 |access-date= 27 June 2011 |archive-date= 19 May 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110519210441/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/KeepingTheApacheReadyToTakeOnTheTaliban.htm |url-status= live}} On 22 May 2006, a UK Apache operating in Afghanistan's Helmand province used a Hellfire missile to destroy an abandoned French vehicle to protect sensitive equipment.{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jul/10/military.politics |title= Apaches and Land Rovers versus a guy with a detonator |first= Declan |last= Walsh |work= The Guardian |date= 10 July 2006 |access-date= 16 December 2016 |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305102409/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jul/10/military.politics |url-status= live}}

File:Apache Helicopter Firing Rockets MOD 45154922.jpg

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The Apache quickly became a highly valued tool against insurgents, able to rapidly respond to Taliban forces on the ground.{{cite web |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1522105/Apache-earns-its-stripes-above-the-Afghan-battlefield.html |title= Apache earns its stripes above the Afghan battlefield |first= Thomas |last= Harding |work= The Daily Telegraph |date= 23 June 2006 |access-date= 2 April 2018 |archive-date= 7 July 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160707094027/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1522105/Apache-earns-its-stripes-above-the-Afghan-battlefield.html |url-status= live}} Major Huw Williams, second in command of 3rd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment, stated that: "We're really impressed [with the Apache]. It's a very effective beast." It has been noted that Taliban forces refer to the aircraft as the "Mosquito".

On 13 January 2007, a 200-strong British force, led by Royal Marines, launched an operation to attack Jugroom Fort, a major Taliban base in southern Helmand Province.{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/MarinesAttemptDaringApacheRescueDuringAfghanistanOperationvideo.htm |title=Marines attempt daring Apache rescue during Afghanistan Operation |publisher=Ministry of Defense |date=17 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205103826/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/MarinesAttemptDaringApacheRescueDuringAfghanistanOperationvideo.htm |archive-date=5 February 2007}}Lewis 2009, pp. 1–3. After several hours of intense fighting, the Marines regrouped and it was discovered that Lance Corporal Mathew Ford of 45 Commando Royal Marines was missing. A rescue mission was launched using four volunteers, Royal Marines and a Royal Engineer, strapped to the stub-wings of two Apaches. The helicopters could not travel above 50 mph to ensure the safety of the extra passengers from rotor downwash. The Apaches landed under fire inside the compound, after which the rescuers dismounted and recovered the body of LCpl Ford. Ford's body was flown out in the same manner that the soldiers arrived. Another Apache hovered above, providing suppressive fire throughout.{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6269613.stm |title= Troops made rescue bid for marine |work= BBC News |date= 17 January 2007 |access-date= 17 January 2007 |archive-date= 19 January 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070119204618/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6269613.stm |url-status= live}} None of the rescuers were injured in the recovery mission and they were later hailed for their bravery.{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6386331.stm |title= Helicopter rescue marines hailed |work= BBC News |date= 22 January 2007 |access-date= 22 February 2007 |archive-date= 24 February 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070224105023/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6386331.stm |url-status= live}}

File:UK Army Air Corps AHDT WAH-64D Longbow Apache AH1 ZJ203 ILA Berlin 2016 01.jpg

In May and June 2008, British and Afghan National Army forces conducted Operation Eagle's Eye, aimed at disrupting Taliban activities to the south of Musa Qaleh; a key portion of which was a major night-time helicopter raid, rapidly deploying members of 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment into the town.{{cite web|url=http://www.blogs.mod.uk/afghanistan/2008/06/british-troops.html |title=British troops and ANA in Apache-backed operation |publisher=MOD |date=4 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005061446/http://www.blogs.mod.uk/afghanistan/2008/06/british-troops.html |archive-date=5 October 2011}} In June 2008, a British Apache fired a thermobaric Hellfire missile; the controversial usage of such weapons was approved after extensive legal and ethical evaluations within the MoD.{{cite news |first= Michael |last= Smith |url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4187835.ece |title= Army 'vacuum' missile hits Taliban |work= The Times |date= 22 June 2008 |access-date= 28 May 2011 |archive-date= 11 October 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081011190557/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4187835.ece |url-status= dead}} In June 2008, a Taliban leader and several cell members were killed in Helmand Province by a Hellfire missile launched by an Apache of the 664 Army Air Corps.{{cite web|url=http://frontierindia.net/uk-apache-fires-hellfire-missiles-to-kill-taliban-fighters |title=UK Apache fires Hellfire missiles to kill Taliban fighters |publisher=Frontier India |date=30 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014011008/http://frontierindia.net/uk-apache-fires-hellfire-missiles-to-kill-taliban-fighters |archive-date=14 October 2009}} There was a friendly fire incident in July 2008, in which an Apache fired upon a position thought to be held by enemy forces, but instead hit members of a British patrol; this was the first time that a British aircraft had been involved in a blue-on-blue incident in Afghanistan.{{cite news |last1=Coghlan |first1=Tom |last2=Baldwin |first2=Tom |date=11 July 2008 |title=Nine injured in Afghanistan as helicopter fires on own troops |work=The Times |location=London}} In September 2008, an Apache was seriously damaged by a crash shortly after takeoff in Helmand province; no loss of life occurred but the airframe was written off.{{cite web |first= Craig |last= Hoyle |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/09/05/315646/uk-apache-crashes-in-afghanistan-crew-safe.html |title= UK Apache crashes in Afghanistan, crew safe |work= Flight International |date= 5 September 2008 |access-date= 2 June 2011 |archive-date= 30 June 2012 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120630164813/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uk-apache-crashes-in-afghanistan-crew-safe-315646/ |url-status= live}}

In early to mid-2009, several narcotics and bomb-making facilities were raided by British forces, supported by Apaches.{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/Microsites/IDS/2009/apache/issue_01/international_s2_p2.html |title=British Apaches Prevent Disruptions of Afghan Elections |publisher=Boeing |date=20 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014033955/http://www.boeing.com/Microsites/IDS/2009/apache/issue_01/international_s2_p2.html |archive-date=14 October 2012}} During the summer of 2009, British Apaches were an integral component of Operation Panther's Claw, which was aimed at pushing insurgents out of civilian areas in the runup to the 2009 Afghan Elections. During this major offensive, Apaches from the UK routinely flew alongside US Cobra helicopters to provide air support to soldiers of the Royal Regiment of Scotland and the Royal Marines conducting ground operations.{{cite web|url=http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/output/2009/05/05/story13083456t0.shtm |title=The Black Watch in strike at Taliban |work=Evening Telegraph|date=5 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316001645/http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/output/2009/05/05/story13083456t0.shtm |archive-date=16 March 2012}} During the Summer 2009 operations, a senior Taliban leader, Mullah Mansur, and several accomplices were killed in a precision strike launched by an Apache.{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8079602.stm |title= UK forces 'kill Taliban leader' |work= BBC News |date= 2 June 2009 |access-date= 27 May 2011 |archive-date= 5 June 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090605164226/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8079602.stm |url-status= live}}

On 25 July 2011, the MoD announced that during a combat operation in the Nahr-e-Saraj district of Helmand province, several Afghan children had been injured from crossfire by an Apache; they were flown to Camp Bastion for medical treatment.{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14277631 |title= Afghan children injured by UK Apache helicopter attack |work= BBC News |date= 25 July 2011 |access-date= 20 June 2018 |archive-date= 24 September 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200924043812/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14277631 |url-status= live}}{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/25/nato-apache-helicopter-children-afghanistan |title= British Apache helicopter injures children in Afghanistan |work= The Guardian |date= 25 July 2011 |access-date= 16 December 2016 |archive-date= 27 September 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160927191858/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/25/nato-apache-helicopter-children-afghanistan |url-status= live}}

From 2006 to April 2014, British Apache helicopters flew 50,000 hours in Afghanistan, representing one-third of all UK Apache flying.[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/apache-flies-50000-hours-on-operations-in-afghanistan Apache flies 50,000 hours on operations in Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416191902/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/apache-flies-50000-hours-on-operations-in-afghanistan |date=16 April 2014}} – Gov.UK, 14 April 2014 The UK ended combat operations in Afghanistan in October 2014.{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Kay |date=26 October 2014 |title=Britain ends combat role in Afghanistan, last U.S. Marines hand over base |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-troopwithdrawal-idUSKBN0IF06I20141026 |work=www.reuters.com |location= |access-date=2021-01-26 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205162031/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-troopwithdrawal-idUSKBN0IF06I20141026 |url-status=live}}

=Naval operations and Libya=

File:Apache Helicopter Takes off from HMS Ocean During Operation Ellamy MOD 45153051.jpg

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File:HMS Ocean nearing the end of her Operational Sea Training with Chinook and Apache on deck. MOD 45158421.jpg at sea on HMS Ocean in November 2014]]

In May 2011, the MoD announced that the Apache fleet had reached 100,000 hours flying time, and describing it as a "vital battlefield tool in Afghanistan".{{cite web |url = http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/ApacheClocksUp100000FlyingHours.htm |title = Apache clocks up 100,000 flying hours |publisher = Ministry of Defence |date = 26 May 2011 |access-date = 27 May 2011 |archive-date = 31 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110531124225/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/ApacheClocksUp100000FlyingHours.htm |url-status = live}} The Apache was also recognised as having established a "limited maritime strike capability" and were deploying on vessels such as HMS Ocean. On 17 May 2011, the Apache tested its Hellfire missiles against sea targets for the first time, 9 missiles were fired with a 100% success rate.{{cite web |first = Craig |last = Hoyle |url = http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/05/17/356832/pictures-uk-apaches-score-100-in-maritime-hellfire.html |title = UK Apaches score 100% in maritime Hellfire tests |work = Flight International |date = 17 May 2011 |access-date = 27 May 2011 |archive-date = 28 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110528175612/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/05/17/356832/pictures-uk-apaches-score-100-in-maritime-hellfire.html |url-status = live}}

On 27 May 2011, military officials announced that Apaches would be deployed as part of Operation Ellamy, the ongoing military intervention in Libya. The helicopters operated from the flight deck of HMS Ocean in conjunction with French Eurocopter Tiger helicopters over Misrata.{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/David-Cameron-Confirms-Britain-Will-Send-Apache-Helicopters-To-Libya-To-Step-Up-Campaign/Article/201102416000589? |title=UK Apaches Deployed in Libya in 24 Hours |publisher=Sky News |date=27 May 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}{{cite news |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/fearful-gaddafi-hides-in-hospital-2289854.html |title = Fearful Gaddafi 'hides in hospital' |work = The Independent |date = 27 May 2011 |access-date = 29 August 2017 |archive-date = 2 August 2012 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20120802101711/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/fearful-gaddafi-hides-in-hospital-2289854.html |url-status = live}} The Apaches were also to assist in Operation Unified Protector, the enforcement of an embargo and no-fly zone upon Libya.{{cite web |url = http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/ApachesGetReadyToHelpProtectLibyanCivilians.htm |title = Apaches get ready to help protect Libyan civilians |publisher = Ministry of Defence |date = 27 May 2011 |access-date = 28 May 2011 |archive-date = 18 October 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121018125919/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/ApachesGetReadyToHelpProtectLibyanCivilians.htm |url-status = live}} On 14 June 2011, reports of British preparation to evacuate Yemen emerged, involving Apache and Merlin helicopters operating from Royal Fleet Auxiliary vessels off the coast.{{cite web |first = Thomas |last = Harding |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/yemen/8575410/Britain-to-send-Apache-helicopters-to-Yemen.html |title = Britain to send Apache helicopters to Yemen |work = The Telegraph |date = 14 June 2011 |access-date = 2 April 2018 |archive-date = 23 December 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181223225129/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/yemen/8575410/Britain-to-send-Apache-helicopters-to-Yemen.html |url-status = live}}

On 4 June 2011, Apaches struck targets within Libya for the first time, destroying a radar site and an armed checkpoint near the town of Brega.{{cite web |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13651736 |title = UK Apache helicopters used in Nato attacks |work = BBC News |date = 4 June 2011 |access-date = 20 June 2018 |archive-date = 4 June 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110604111925/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13651736 |url-status = live}} Further precision strikes were launched by Apaches, typical targets were mobile air defenses, and were occasionally engaged by AK-47 fire from ground troops.{{cite web |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8557368/Apache-strike-steps-up-battle-against-Gaddafi.html |title = Apache strike steps up battle against Gaddafi |first = Patrick |last = Hennessey |work = The Daily Telegraph |date = 4 June 2011 |access-date = 2 April 2018 |archive-date = 2 November 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191102113816/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8557368/Apache-strike-steps-up-battle-against-Gaddafi.html |url-status = live}}{{cite web |first = Kim |last = Sengupta |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8558289/Libya-precision-and-restraint-as-Apaches-hit-their-target.html |title = Libya: precision and restraint as Apaches hit their target |work = The Telegraph |date = 5 June 2011 |access-date = 2 April 2018 |archive-date = 10 August 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200810111531/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8558289/Libya-precision-and-restraint-as-Apaches-hit-their-target.html |url-status = live}} In early June, Apaches conducted attacks on Gaddafi loyalists assaulting the town of Misrata.{{cite web |first = Ruth |last = Sherlock |url = http://news.scotsman.com/world/Gaddafi-hammers-Misrata-frontline-after.6783208.jp |title = Gaddafi hammers Misrata frontline after UK Apache helicopters strike |work = The Scotsman |date = 11 June 2011}} On 13 June, British Apaches destroyed several inflatable boats with 30 mm cannon fire, believed to be Libyan Special Forces, before engaging and destroying multiple vehicles along the coastline, including an anti-aircraft system.{{cite news |title = Rebels push on as Apaches and RAF fighters strike Gaddafi's forces |publisher = British Forces News |date = 13 June 2011}}{{cite web|first=Sam |last=Kiley |url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Libya-Sam-Kiley-On-Whether-The-Nato-Operation-Is-Losing-Momentum-As-Gaddafi-Refuses-To-Go/Article/201106216010975?lpos=World_News_First_World_News_Feature_Teaser_Region_0&lid=ARTICLE_16010975_Libya%3A_Sam_Kiley_On_Whether_The_Nato_Operation_Is_Losing_Momentum_As_Gaddafi_Refuses_To_Go |title=Is Nato's Mission in Libya Losing Momentum? |publisher=Sky News |date=13 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616110627/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Libya-Sam-Kiley-On-Whether-The-Nato-Operation-Is-Losing-Momentum-As-Gaddafi-Refuses-To-Go/Article/201106216010975?lpos=World_News_First_World_News_Feature_Teaser_Region_0&lid=ARTICLE_16010975_Libya%3A_Sam_Kiley_On_Whether_The_Nato_Operation_Is_Losing_Momentum_As_Gaddafi_Refuses_To_Go |archive-date=16 June 2011}} On 25 June, in coordination with RAF Tornado strikes, Apaches attacked loyalist infantry and vehicles around Brega and its airfield.{{cite web|url=http://bfbs.com/news/worldwide/uk-ground-attack-aircraft-and-destroyer-take-gaddafis-forces-49023.html |title=UK ground attack aircraft and destroyer take on Gaddafi's forces |publisher=British forces News |date=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322173059/http://bfbs.com/news/worldwide/uk-ground-attack-aircraft-and-destroyer-take-gaddafis-forces-49023.html |archive-date=22 March 2012}} On 1 July, British Apaches were reportedly involved in a 'fierce' battle at the town of Khoms.{{cite news |first = Christ |last = Hughes |url = https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/07/01/british-apache-helicopters-in-libya-launch-fiercest-blitz-yet-against-gaddafi-thugs-115875-23238958/ |title = British Apache helicopters in Libya launch fiercest blitz yet against Gaddafi thugs |work = Daily Mirror |date = 1 July 2011}} On 2 July, Apaches destroyed several tanks and a bunker at a military camp near Zawiya.{{Cite web |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14003423 |title = Libya: Air raid on Gaddafi military camp |work = BBC News |date = 2 July 2011 |access-date = 20 June 2018 |archive-date = 8 June 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210608124912/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14003423 |url-status = live}} On 5 August, Apaches participated in the rebel push for the town of Zliten was reported.{{cite news |first = Simeon |last = Kerr |title = Libyan rebels prepare push towards Tripoli |work = Financial Times |date = 5 August 2011}}

By 21 June 2011, the Libyan government had dubiously claimed to have successfully shot down dozens of aircraft, including five Apaches; NATO denied these claims and no Apache losses have been acknowledged to date.Meo, Nick. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8590077/Libya-Nato-deny-Gaddafi-troops-shot-down-unmanned-drone.html "Libya: Nato deny Gaddafi troops shot down unmanned drone".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925174630/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8590077/Libya-Nato-deny-Gaddafi-troops-shot-down-unmanned-drone.html |date=25 September 2015}} The Telegraph, 21 June 2011.[http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2123694.ece "NATO loses contact with drone chopper over Libya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623131655/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2123694.ece |date=23 June 2011}} The Hindu, 21 June 2011. On 8 July 2011, the MoD released information on the first month of Apache combat operations over Libya; noting that Apaches had engaged targets within Libya on 39 occasions.{{cite web |first = Craig |last = Hoyle |url = http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/07/08/359298/libya-british-army-details-apaches-success.html |title = Libya: British Army details Apache's success |work = Flight International |date = 8 July 2011 |access-date = 10 July 2011 |archive-date = 11 July 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110711120702/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/07/08/359298/libya-british-army-details-apaches-success.html |url-status = live}} Apache operations over Libya have been heavily influenced and supported by NATO reconnaissance flights and intelligence missions; information is continually relayed to update target information, assess the threat of Surface to Air missiles (SAM), and the presence of civilians, enabling real time changes to mission profiles.{{cite web |url = http://www.defpro.com/news/details/25788/?SID=235dc459d121ae7b9803ee4456e26fea |archive-url = https://archive.today/20120729063625/http://www.defpro.com/news/details/25788/?SID=235dc459d121ae7b9803ee4456e26fea |url-status = dead |archive-date = 29 July 2012 |title = UK Defence Official Sees Good Progress in Libya Operations |publisher = defpro.com |date = 27 June 2011}} On 6 August, Apaches struck a military communications facility and troops at Al Watiyah.{{cite web |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/libya-video/8695936/British-Apache-helicopters-strike-Libya-targets.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110812072644/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/libya-video/8695936/British-Apache-helicopters-strike-Libya-targets.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 12 August 2011 |title = British Apache helicopters strike Libya targets |work = The Telegraph |date = 11 August 2011}} Both the Apache and the Typhoon were withdrawn from Libyan operations in September 2011 as operational demands decreased.{{cite web|url=http://www.defencemanagement.com/news_story.asp?id=17553 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121080721/http://www.defencemanagement.com/news_story.asp?id=17553 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 January 2013 |title=Typhoon and Apache return from Libya |publisher=defencemanagement.com |date=27 September 2011}}

Former operators

thumb

;{{UK}}

  • British Army Air Corps
  • No. 653 Squadron AAC{{cite web |url= http://www.army.mod.uk/aviation/30301.aspx |title= 653 Squadron Army Air Corps |publisher= mod.uk |access-date= 27 October 2014 |archive-date= 8 November 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141108073143/http://www.army.mod.uk/aviation/30301.aspx |url-status= live}}
  • No. 662 Squadron AAC{{cite web |url= http://www.army.mod.uk/aviation/30302.aspx |title= 662 Squadron Army Air Corps |publisher= mod.uk |access-date= 27 October 2014 |archive-date= 8 November 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141108184645/http://www.army.mod.uk/aviation/30302.aspx |url-status= live}}
  • No. 663 Squadron AAC{{cite web |url= http://www.army.mod.uk/aviation/30303.aspx |title= 663 Squadron Army Air Corps |publisher= mod.uk |access-date= 27 October 2014 |archive-date= 8 November 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141108184617/http://www.army.mod.uk/aviation/30303.aspx |url-status= live}} – operational Conversion Squadron from 2015{{Cite web |url=http://www.theeagleonline.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/WattishamEagle_Autumn_2014.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818050418/http://www.theeagleonline.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/WattishamEagle_Autumn_2014.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}
  • No. 654 Squadron AAC{{cite web|url=http://forces.tv/60545910|title=654 Squadron's Last Parade Before Disbandment|work=Forces TV|access-date=9 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306010009/http://forces.tv/60545910|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=dead}}
  • No. 656 Squadron AAC{{cite web |url= http://www.army.mod.uk/aviation/30328.aspx |title= 656 Squadron Army Air Corps |publisher= mod.uk |access-date= 27 October 2014 |archive-date= 11 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141011125551/http://www.army.mod.uk/aviation/30328.aspx |url-status= live}}
  • No. 664 Squadron AAC{{cite web |url= http://www.army.mod.uk/aviation/30329.aspx |title= 664 Squadron Army Air Corps |publisher= mod.uk |access-date= 27 October 2014 |archive-date= 11 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141011123626/http://www.army.mod.uk/aviation/30329.aspx |url-status= live}}
  • No. 668 Squadron AAC{{cite web |url= http://www.army.mod.uk/aviation/29780.aspx |title= 668 Squadron Army Air Corps |publisher= mod.uk |access-date= 27 October 2014 |archive-date= 6 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006164405/http://www.army.mod.uk/aviation/29780.aspx |url-status= live}} – Training Squadron
  • No. 673 Squadron AAC{{cite web |url= http://www.army.mod.uk/aviation/29783.aspx |title= 673 Squadron Army Air Corps |publisher= mod.uk |access-date= 27 October 2014 |archive-date= 9 April 2014 |archive-url= http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140409175945/http://www.army.mod.uk/aviation/29783.aspx |url-status= live}} – Training Squadron

Survivors

  • ZJ224 at the Army Flying Museum, Middle Wallop, Hampshire, UK.{{cite web|url=https://armyflying.com/news/army-flying-museum-takes-delivery-of-apache-ah-mk-1-helicopter/|title=Army Flying Museum takes delivery of Apache AH Mk.1 Helicopter |publisher=Army Flying Museum|access-date=15 May 2024}}

Specifications (Apache AH1)

File:McDonnell Douglas AH-64 Apache 3-view line drawing.png

File:WAH-64 narrow aspect.jpg

{{aircraft specifications/switch

|plane or copter?=copter

|jet or prop?=prop

|ref=AgustaWestland page[http://www.agustawestland.com/sites/all/themes/custom/agusta/print-new-product.html Apache AH Mk 1] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619110208/http://www.agustawestland.com/sites/all/themes/custom/agusta/print-new-product.html |date=19 June 2009}}, AgustaWestland. Jane's Air Forces,{{cite web|title=Boeing AH-64 Apache |access-date=17 June 2006 |work=Jane's: All the World's Aircraft |url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jawa/jawa001013_1_n.shtml |date=13 October 2000 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616072705/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jawa/jawa001013_1_n.shtml |archive-date=16 June 2006 |url-status=live}} British Army

|crew=2

|capacity=

|length main= 58 ft 4 in with rotors turning

|length alt= 17.7 m

|span main= 48 ft

|span alt= 14.6 m

|height main= 12 ft 8 in

|height alt= 3.87 m

|area main= 1,809.5 ft2

|area alt= 168.11 m2

|airfoil=

|empty weight main= 11,387 lb

|empty weight alt= 5,165 kg

|loaded weight main= 17,650 lb

|loaded weight alt= 8,006 kg

|useful load main=

|useful load alt=

|max takeoff weight main= 21,000 lb

|max takeoff weight alt= 9,525 kg

|engine (prop)=Rolls-Royce/Turbomeca RTM322

|type of prop=turboshaft

|number of props=2

|power main= 2,270 hp{{cite web|url=http://www.rolls-royce.com/defence_aerospace/downloads/helicopters/rtm322.pdf|title=RTM322 Power for the NH90, EH101 and Apache|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022014942/http://www.rolls-royce.com/defence_aerospace/downloads/helicopters/rtm322.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2007|date=22 October 2007}}

|power alt= 1,693 kW

|max speed main=158 knots, 182 mph

|max speed alt= 293 km/h

|cruise speed main=140 knots, 161 mph

|cruise speed alt= 259 km/h

|never exceed speed main=197 knots, 227 mph

|never exceed speed alt= 365 km/h

|stall speed main=

|stall speed alt=

|range main= 290 nmi,{{cite web|url=http://www.agustawestland.com/product/apache-ah-mk1-0#technicaldata |title=Apache AH Mk1 |publisher=AgustaWestland |access-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403043652/http://www.agustawestland.com/product/apache-ah-mk1-0 |archive-date=3 April 2011}} 334 mi

|range alt= 537 km

|ferry range main=974 nmi, 1,121 mi

|ferry range alt= 1,700 km

|ceiling main= 21,000 ft

|ceiling alt= 6,400 m

|climb rate main= 2,500 ft/min

|climb rate alt= 12.7 m/s

|loading main=

|loading alt=

|thrust/weight=

|power/mass main=

|power/mass alt=

|guns= M230 Chain Gun, 1200 rounds

|missiles= Hellfire (and Starstreak (proposed), Brimstone{{cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dsei-brimstone-goes-green-for-apache-integration-416896/ |title=DSEI: Brimstone goes green for Apache integration |date=18 September 2015 |website=flightglobal.com |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627062657/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dsei-brimstone-goes-green-for-apache-integration-416896/ |url-status=live}} proposed)

  • Rockets: CRV7 with Flechette (Tungsten dart) or High-Explosive Incendiary Semi-Armour Piercing (HEISAP) warheads. Until 2008 also MPSM with nine M-73 bomblets.

}}

See also

{{Portal|United Kingdom|Aviation}}

{{aircontent

|see also=

|related=

|similar aircraft=

|lists=

}}

References

;Citations

{{Reflist|30em}}

;Bibliography

{{refbegin}}

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120321101149/http://www.agustawestland.com/system/files/brochures_new_product/ApachePocketbook.pdf "AH Mk1 Apache".] AgustaWestland. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  • Bishop, Chris and Jim Laurier. [https://books.google.com/books?id=87E5sejHtlYC "Apache AH-64 Boeing (McDonnell Douglas) 1976–2005".] Osprey Publishing, 2005. {{ISBN|1-84176-816-2}}.
  • Finch, Roger S. [ftp://ftp.rta.nato.int/PubFulltext/AGARD/CP/AGARD-CP-593/16chap11.pdf "Helicopter Certification: The Challenge of Testing UK Apache".]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Boscombe Down: Defence Test & Evaluation Organisation, 1996.
  • Heyman, Charles. "The British Army Guide". Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2005. {{ISBN|1-84415-280-4}}.
  • Hoyle, Craig. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%201385.html "Apaches At Ready – Despite Delays in Training Pilots for the Boeing/Westland Apache AH1, the British Army has no Reservations about its New Attack Helicopter".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105032413/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%201385.html |date=5 November 2012}} Flight International, 26 July 2004. pp. 58–60.
  • Lewis, Damien. "Apache Dawn", Sphere, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-7515-4191-5}}.
  • McGowen, Stanley S. [https://archive.org/details/helicoptersillus00mcgo_0 "Helicopters: an illustrated history of their impact".] ABC-CLIO, 2005. {{ISBN|1-85109-468-7}}.
  • National Audit Office. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101014123506/http://www.nao.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docId=d99839a5-77fd-4227-b4da-3305d9f7ec56&version=-1 "Building an Air Manoeuver Capability: The Introduction of the Apache Helicopter".] London: The Stationery Office, 28 October 2002.

{{refend}}

Further reading

{{refbegin}}

  • King, Anthony. "The Transformation of Europe's Armed Forces: From the Rhine to Afghanistan". Cambridge University Press, 2011. {{ISBN|0-521-76094-1}}.
  • Macy, Ed. "Hellfire". Harper Collins, 2010. {{ISBN|0-00-728820-4}}.
  • Madison, Charlotte. "Dressed to Kill", Headline Review, 2010. {{ISBN|0-7553-1962-1}}.
  • Ryan, Mike. "Battlefield Afghanistan". Spellmount, 2007. {{ISBN|1-86227-390-1}}.
  • Thornton, Rod. "Asymmetric Warfare: Threat and Response in the Twenty-First Century". Polity, 2005. {{ISBN|0-7456-3365-X}}.

{{refend}}

External links

{{Commons category}}

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315075815/http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/aircraft/1531.aspx Westland Apache AH Mk 1 (WAH-64 Apache Longbow)] on Army Air Corps

{{Westland aircraft}}

{{AgustaWestland aircraft}}

Category:1990s British attack aircraft

Category:Attack helicopters

Apache

Category:1990s British helicopters

Category:Aircraft first flown in 1998

Category:Twin-turbine helicopters

Category:Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear

Category:Single-rotor helicopters