Ahmed Shawqi

Shawqi was born in Cairo on October 17, 1868, to a wealthy family of mixed Egyptian, Circassian, Turkish, Kurdish, and Greek roots.{{Cite web |title=نبذة عن الشاعر أحمد شوقي |url=https://mawdoo3.com/نبذة_عن_الشاعر_أحمد_شوقي |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=موضوع |language=ar}}{{citation|last=Goldschmidt|first=Arthur|year=2013|chapter=Shawqi, Ahmad|title=Historical Dictionary of Egypt|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810880252|page=381|quote=Distinguished Arabic poet and playwright, often called Amir al-shu'ara (Prince of Poets). He came from wealthy family of mixed Turkish, Arab, Kurdish, and Greek origin that was closely connected to the khedivial family.}}{{citation |last=Shahid|first=Irfan|year=2010|chapter=Ahmad Shawqi (1868–1932) |title=Essays in Arabic Literary Biography: 1850–1950|editor1-last=Allen|editor1-first=Roger M. A.|editor1-link=Roger Allen (translator)|editor2-last=Lowry|editor2-first=Joseph Edmund|editor3-last=Stewart |editor3-first=Devin J.|page=305|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3447061414|quote=Shawqi was born in Cairo in 1868 to a good middle class family in whose veins ran Turkish, Kurdish, Circassian, Greek, and Arab blood.}} His family was prominent and well-connected with the court of the Khedive Ismael of Egypt.

At the age of four, he joined a kuttab in the Sayyida Zeinab neighborhood, memorising there parts of the Holy Qur'an and learning the principles of reading and writing.{{Cite web |title=أحمد شوقي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2014/12/4/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724034357/https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2014/12/4/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A |archive-date=24 July 2024 |website=Al Jazeera}}

Upon graduating from high school, he attended law school for two years, before joining the then-recently founded school of translation, which aimed to train civil servants.{{Cite journal |last=Haque |first=Sazidul |title=Ahmed Shawqi: The Pioneer of Poetic Drama in Arabic Literature |journal=Arabic Research Journal |publisher=Department of Arabic, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh |volume=4 |pages=239–254}} After obtaining a degree in translation, Shawqi was offered a job in the court of the Khedive Abbas II which he immediately accepted.

After a year working in the court of the Khedive, Shawqi was sent to continue his studies in Law at the Universities of Montpellier and Paris for three years. While in France, he was heavily influenced by the works of French playwrights, most notably Molière and Racine. Upon his return to Egypt in 1894, Shawqi became close to Abbas II of Egypt, and was appointed "Head of the Foreign Pen" (Arabic: القلم الأفرنجي) in the Khedive's office, a rank comparable to the modern Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was assigned to represent the Egyptian government at the Orientalist Conference held in Geneva, until World War I broke out and the British deposed of the Khedive.

Forced into exile for his outspoken opposition to the British, he was exiled to Andalusia, Spain in 1914. Shawqi remained there until 1920, when he returned to Egypt. In 1927 he was crowned by his peers Amir al-Sho’araa’ (literally, "the Prince of Poets") in recognition of his considerable contributions to the literary field.

He used to live in 'Karmet Ibn Hani' or Ibn Hani's Vineyard at Al-Matariyyah area near the palace of the Khedive Abbas II at Saray El-Qobba until he was exiled. After returning to Egypt he built a new house at Giza which he named the new Karmet Ibn Hani, today the Ahmad Shawqi Museum.My Father Shawky by Hussin Ahmed Shawky 2nd edition (in arabic) General authority of culture palaces 2006 Cairo He met Mohammed Abdel Wahab, and introduced him for the first time to art, making him his protégé as he gave him a suite in his house.

Image:Villa Borghese - monumento Ahmed Shawky 01215.JPG, Rome by Egyptian Sculptor Gamal El-Sagini]]

Shawqi's work can be categorized into three main periods during his career. The first coincides with the period during which he occupied a position at the court of the Khedive, consisting of eulogies to the Khedive: praising him or supporting his policy. The second comprised the period of his exile in Spain. During this period, his feeling of nostalgia and sense of alienation directed his poetic talent to patriotic poems on Egypt as well as the Arab world and panarabism. The third stage occurred after his return from exile, during that period he became preoccupied with the glorious history of Ancient Egypt and Islam. This was the period during which he wrote his religious poems, in praise of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The maturation of his poetic style was also reflected in his plays, the most notable of which were published during this period.

Shawqi was the first in modern Arabic literature to write poetic plays. He wrote five tragedies:

• Majnun Laila ("Layla's mad lover"), his first play.
• The Death of Cleopatra
• 'Antara
• Ali beh el-Kebeer
• Kambeez (Cambyses II), 1931

and two comedies:

• El-Set Huda (Madame Huda)
• El-Bakhila (the Miser-ette)

in addition to a prose play: the Princess of Andalusia.

File:Ahmed Shawki Museum, Egypt.JPG, Egypt]]

• Esh-Shawqiyyat, his selected works, in four volumes, including Nahj al-Burda, a tribute to Muhammad.
• The States of Arabs and the Great Men of Islam, A long poem about the History of Islam.
• Poetic Stories for Children, inspired by the famous French fabulist Jean de La Fontaine.

He also wrote chapters of prose, collected under the title The Markets of Gold.

Ahmed Shawqi is considered as a "greatest" poet within the Arabic Neoclassicist movement by scholars.{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Allen |given=R.M.A. |authorlink=Roger Allen (translator) |editor-surname=Greene |editor-given=Roland |editor-link=Roland Greene |display-editors=etal |entry=Arabic poetry |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics |edition=4th rev. |year=2012 |page=69 |entry-url={{Google books|id=uKiC6IeFR2UC|plainurl=y|page=69|keywords=|text=}} |url={{Google books|id=uKiC6IeFR2UC|plainurl=y}} |place=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-15491-6}}

Shawqi's work was a part of some of the Nahda's main literary and cultural debates, in which tradition, authenticity, and formality were positioned against experimentation, vulgarity, and Westernization.{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49851843 |title=Interpreting the self : autobiography in the Arabic literary tradition |date=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |others=Dwight Fletcher Reynolds, Kristen Brustad |isbn=978-0-520-92611-0 |location=Berkeley |oclc=49851843}}{{Rp|page=|pages=249–251}}Shawqi faced sharp criticism from writers such as Muhammad al-Muwaylihi, who saw Shawqi's innovative work, particularly after the publication of ash-Shawqiyat, as heretical, boastful, vulgar, Westernized, and unworthy of the proud tradition of classical Arabic poetry.{{Rp|page=|pages=249–251}}

Karmat Ibn Hani', Ahmed Shawqi's home in Giza, was converted into the Ahmed Shawki Museum on 17 June 1977.{{cite web |title=Ahmed Shawqi |url=http://www.egyptianmuseums.net/html/ahmed_shawqi.html |website=EgyptianMuseums |access-date=19 April 2020}}

Shawqi's work is regularly celebrated at the El Sawy Culture Wheel, a cultural center in Cairo.

The web search engine company Google uploaded a Google Doodle, a limited-time variant of their logo, to memorialize Shawqi in advance of what would have been his 142nd birthday on 16 October 2010.{{cite web |title=Google Doodle Celebrates 'Prince of Poets' Ahmed Shawky |url=https://arablit.org/2010/10/17/google-doodle-celebrates-prince-of-poets-ahmed-shawky/ |website=ArabLit |date=17 October 2010 |publisher=ArabLit Quarterly |access-date=19 April 2020}} The art featured a quote from Shawqi's poetry in place of the "oo" in the Google logo, which in English translates to:

My homeland is always in my mind even if I were in paradise.

There are two roads named for Ahmed Shawqi in Giza: Ahmed Shawqi Street, where the Ahmed Shawqi Museum is located;{{cite web |last1=Boghiguian |first1=Anna |title=Ahmed Shawki Museum |url=https://www.bidoun.org/articles/ahmed-shawki-museum |website=Bidoun |access-date=19 April 2020}} and Ahmed Shawqi Corridor.{{cite journal |last1=Alsobky |first1=Alsayed |last2=Hrkút |first2=Patrik |last3=Mikušová |first3=Miroslava |title=A Smart Application for University Bus Routes Optimization |journal=Intelligent Transport Systems - from Research and Development to the Market Uptake |date=November 2017 |page=16 |isbn=9780761850489 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8_j8PU9bw8C&q=Ahmed+Shawqi+Road&pg=PA87 |access-date=19 April 2020}} A number of statues have been created in the likeness of Shawqi, including one on Dokki Street in Giza and another at the Villa Borghese in Rome.

Shawqi's granddaughter Ikbal El-Alailly was a central figure in Egypt's surrealist poetry movement.{{Cite journal|last=Rosemont|first=Penelope|date=2001|title=Dada & Surrealism|journal=Woman's Art Journal|volume=22|issue=2|pages=60|doi=10.2307/1358944|issn=0270-7993|jstor=1358944}}{{cite book |last1=Rosemont |first1=Penelope |title=Surrealist Women |date=1998 |publisher=The Athlone Press |location=London |isbn=0485300885 |page=192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMIru5bweYgC&q=Ikbal+El-Alailly&pg=PA192 |access-date=19 April 2020}} His other granddaughter Khadiga Riad was an abstract, surrealist painter.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1JpxAAAAMAAJ |title=Aujourd'hui l'Egypte, Issue 1, 3-4 |date=1986 |publisher=Organisme générale de l'information |pages=122 |language=fr}} An Egyptian postage stamp was issued in honour of Shawqi on 14 October 1957 to commemorate 25 years since his death.{{cite web |title=10m stamp of 1957 (#38266) |url=http://stampdata.com/stamp.php?id=38266 |website=StampData |access-date=19 April 2020}} Many books have been written on the life of Ahmed Shawqi.{{cite web|url=http://www.bibalex.org/libraries/presentation/static/Shawki.pdf |title=Biblotica Alexandrina List of Books about Ahmed Shawki (in Arabic) |access-date=2012-12-20}}

{{reflist}}

• Glimpses of Ahmed Shawqi's Life and Works, Egypt Magazine, Issue No. 19-Fall 1999.

{{Commons category|Ahmed Shawqi}}

{{Wikiquote}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090603004019/http://www.ashawkymuseum.gov.eg/ Ahmed Shawqi Museum in Cairo]. {{in lang|ar}}
• {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060604004801/http://www.romabeniculturali.it/villeparchi/28/408/409/485/album.asp Monument to Shawqi in Villa Borghese, Rome]}}.

{{Egyptian writers}}

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Category:1868 births

Category:1932 deaths

Category:Egyptian expatriates in France

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Category:20th-century Egyptian dramatists and playwrights

Category:20th-century Arabic-language poets