Akakhora
{{short description|Extinct Great Andamanese language}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kora
| nativename = {{lang|ack|Aka-Kora}}
| states = India
| region = Andaman Islands; northeast and north central coasts of North Andaman Island, Smith Island
| ethnicity = Kora
| extinct = November 2009, with the death of Boro
| familycolor = Andamanese
| fam1 = Great Andamanese
| fam2 = Northern Andamanese – Kede
| fam3 = Northern Andamanese
| iso3 = ack
| linglist = ack.html
| glotto = akak1251
| glottorefname = Akakora
| altname = Cora
| map2 = Lang Status 01-EX.svg
| mapcaption = {{legend|#ff7cd7|Aka-Khora}}
| map = Languages_and_dialects_of_the_Andaman_Islands_at_British_contact.png
}}
Akakhora, or Kora (Cora), is an extinct dialect of the Northern Andamanese language. It was spoken on the northeast and north central coasts of North Andaman and on Smith Island.
It has been extinct since November 2009 when its last speaker, Boro, died.{{cite news |title=Andamanese tribes, languages die |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article100977.ece |work=The Hindu |date=February 5, 2010 |access-date=2010-02-05 }} It is likely a variety of a Northern Great Andamanese language, as it is very similar to Aka-Jeru, without any unique features.{{Cite book |last=Zamponi |first=Raoul |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10137813/1/A-Grammar-of-Akajeru.pdf.pdf |title=A grammar of Akajeru: fragments of a traditional North Andamanese dialect |last2=Comrie |first2=Bernard |date=2021 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1-80008-093-5 |series=Grammars of world and minority languages |location=London}}
Name
History
By the time of the establishment of the first permanent colonial settlement at Port Blair (1858), the estimates size of the Kora tribe was about 500 individuals, out of perhaps 3500 Great Andamanese.George Weber (~2009), [http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter7/text7.htm Numbers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531230544/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter7/text7.htm |date=May 31, 2012 }}. Chapter 7 in [http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/text-group-BodyChapters.htm The Andamanese] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805204050/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/app-a/a-portman.htm |date=2012-08-05 }}. Accessed on 2012-07-12.
However the tribe was discovered only much later, in the work leading to the 1901 census. Like other Andamanese peoples, the Kora were decimated during colonial and post-colonial times, by diseases, alcohol, opium and loss of territory. The census of 1901 recorded 96 individuals, which decreased to 71 in 1911, 48 in 1921, and 24 in 1931.
In 1949, any remaining Kora were relocated, with all other surviving Great Andamanese, to a reservation on Bluff island. In 1969 they were relocated again to a reservation on Strait Island.Rann Singh Mann (2005), [https://books.google.com/books?id=FPX6wiuZ3ikC&pg=PA149 Andaman and Nicobar Tribes Restudied: Encounters and Concerns], page 149. Mittal Publications. {{ISBN|81-8324-010-0}}
By 1980 only one person claimed to be a Kora member,George Weber (~2009), [http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm The Tribes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507061710/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm |date=2013-05-07 }}. Chapter 8 in [http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/text-group-BodyChapters.htm The Andamanese] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805204050/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/app-a/a-portman.htm |date=2012-08-05 }}. Accessed on 2012-07-12. and 1994 the Kora tribe no longer existed as a separate unit.A. N. Sharma (2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=WEztW7c0CqQC&pg=PA75 Tribal Development in the Andaman Islands], page 75. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi. Although descendants of the Kora were still living in the Great Andamanese reservation of Strait Island as of 2006, they identified themselves as members of other tribes, mainly Jeru.Anvita Abbi (2006), {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101023084412/http://www.andamanese.net/generalia.html Great Andamanese Community]}} in {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071017094120/http://andamanese.net/index.html VOGA - Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese]}}. Accessed on 2012-07-12. The last known speaker of the Kora language died in November 2009. They were a designated Scheduled Tribe.{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=27 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}
Grammar
The Great Andamanese languages are agglutinative languages, with an extensive prefix and suffix system.Temple, Richard C. (1902). A Grammar of the Andamanese Languages, being Chapter IV of Part I of the Census Report on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Superintendent's Printing Press: Port Blair. They have a distinctive noun class system based largely on body parts, in which every noun and adjective may take a prefix according to which body part it is associated with (on the basis of shape, or functional association). Thus, for instance, the *aka- at the beginning of the language names is a prefix for objects related to the tongue.
Body parts are inalienably possessed, requiring a possessive adjective prefix to complete them, so one cannot say "head" alone, but only "my, or his, or your, etc. head".
Judging from the available sources, the Andamanese languages have only two cardinal numbers — one and two — and their entire numerical lexicon is one, two, one more, some more, and all.
References
{{reflist}}
{{Andamanese languages}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Andamanese, Aka-Kora, Language}}
Category:2009 disestablishments in India
Category:Agglutinative languages
Category:Great Andamanese languages