Alaji Basalts
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Alaji Basalts
| image = Alaji_Basalts_near_the_peak_of_Gumawta_Mt._in_Dogu'a_Tembien.jpg
| caption = Mt. Gumawta, Tembien highlands
| type = Geological formation
| period = Miocene
| age = {{fossilrange| Miocene | Miocene | Miocene}}
| prilithology = Basalt, Rhyolite
| otherlithology = Trachyte
| namedfor = Imba Alaje Mountain
| namedby = William Thomas Blanford
| region = Tigray
| country = {{ETH}}
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9817|N|39.5198|E|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates =
| unitof =
| subunits =
| underlies = Pliocene shield volcanoes, locally
| overlies = Ashangi Basalts, Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock
| thickness = {{convert|220|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| extent = Ethiopian Highlands
| area =
| map = {{Location map+ | Ethiopia
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | Ethiopia
| lat_deg = 12.98
| lon_deg = 39.52
| mark = Blue pog.svg
| marksize = 12
}}
}}
| map_caption =
}}
The Alaji (upper) Basalts are the youngest series of the Ethiopian flood basalts. The most recent flows are only 15 million years old.{{cite book |last1=Mohr |first1=P. |last2=Zanettin |first2=B. |title=The Ethiopian flood basalt province. In: Continental flood basalts |date=1988 |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht |pages=63–110 |doi=10.1007/978-94-015-7805-9_3 }}{{cite journal |last1=Hofmann |first1=C., and colleagues |title=Timing of the Ethiopian flood basalt event and implications for plume birth and environmental change |journal=Nature |date=1997 |volume=389 |pages=838–841 |doi=10.1038/39853 |s2cid=205027259 }}
Name and definition
The name was coined by geologist William Thomas Blanford, who accompanied the British Expedition to Abyssinia in 1868,{{cite book |last1=Blanford |first1=W.T. |title=Observations on the geology and zoology of Abyssinia, made during the progress of the British expedition to that country in 1867-68 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024736666 |date=1870 |publisher=Macmillan and Co. |location=London}} after the Imba Alaje mountain. So far the nomenclature has not been proposed for recognition to the International Commission on Stratigraphy.
Stratigraphic context
The Alaji Basalts are the uppermost Tertiary flood basalts in Ethiopia. Locally they are covered by Pliocene shield volcanoes, such as the Simien Mountains, or Mount Guna. These flows have been deposited on the lower Ashangi Basalts and locally on intra-volcanic sedimentary rock.
Environment
Like all volcanic rocks, the Alaji Basalts originate from initial melting of the Earth's mantle. After extrusion, the magmatic structures form at the surface. Common volcanic structures such as lava tubes or ropy lavas are absent in the Alaji Basalts, but (columnar joints) are omnipresent. The basalts comprise successive flows. During cooling, newly developed crystals within the lava solidify and develop congealing stress that favours the formation of columnar joints (intersecting fractures). They are perpendicular to the surface of the lava flow: mostly vertical, but sometimes also inclined or almost horizontal.{{cite book |last1=Miruts Hagos and colleagues|title=The volcanic rock cover of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-Trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains, the Dogu'a Tembien District. |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}{{cite journal |last1=Pik |first1=R., and colleagues |title=The northwestern Ethiopian Plateau flood basalts: classification and spatial distribution of magma types |journal=J Volcanol Geotherm Res |date=1998 |volume=81 |issue=1–2 |pages=91–111 |doi=10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00073-5 |bibcode=1998JVGR...81...91P }}
Lithology
File:Alaji_Basalts_provide_fertile_soils.jpg in the Tigray Region is composed of Alaji Basalts. Weathering of the rock has led to the occurrence of fertile Luvisols]]
The Alaji Basalts hold alternating layers of rhyolitic and basaltic rocks. Its thickness varies between 80 and 220 metres. The upper layer is capped by trachytic materials. The lower part of the Alaji Basalts is composed of medium- to fine-grained basalts. The middle succession holds elongated plagioclase-dominated trachytes. The mineralogy of the basaltic rocks is marked by well-aligned elongated pyroxenes and micro-plagioclases. In the mineralogy of the trachytes one notices especially the by twinning of feldspar minerals and a small amount of altered pyroxenes.
File:Rock sample 4 Aphanitic basalt Addi Amyuq pass.jpg basalt, collected at Addi Amyuq pass]]
Geographical extent
The formation outcrops widely in the Ethiopian highlands, particularly in the upper landscape positions.{{cite journal |last1=Kieffer |first1=B., and colleagues |title=Flood and shield basalts from Ethiopia: magmas from the African superswell |journal=J. Petrol. |date=2004 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=793–834 |url=https://academic.oup.com/petrology/article-abstract/45/4/793/1529659|doi=10.1093/petrology/egg112 |doi-access= }}