Albumin transport function analysis by EPR spectroscopy

The test is based on the interaction of spin-labeled fatty acids with serum albumin by means of EPR spectroscopy.{{Cite journal |last=Kristina Boss, Katja Waterstradt, Kerstin Schnurr |date=2023-10-29 |title=Binding and detoxification efficiency of albumin decline after haemodialysis |journal=Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation |pages=gfad133 |doi=10.1093/ndt/gfad133 |pmid=37558390 |doi-access=free |pmc=10828194 }}{{Cite journal |title=Exploring Albumin Functionality Assays: A Pilot Study on Sepsis Evaluation in Intensive Care Medicine |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|date=2023 |volume=24 |issue=16 |page=12551 |doi=10.3390/ijms241612551 |pmid=37628734 |pmc=10454468 |doi-access=free |last1=Klinkmann |first1=Gerd |last2=Waterstradt |first2=Katja |last3=Klammt |first3=Sebastian |last4=Schnurr |first4=Kerstin |last5=Schewe |first5=Jens-Christian |last6=Wasserkort |first6=Reinhold |last7=Mitzner |first7=Steffen }}{{Cite journal|last1=Kalachyk|first1=A.|last2=Ugolev|first2=I.|last3=Zabello|first3=T.|last4=Voitovich|first4=V.|date=2014|title=Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy of Albumin Transport Quality Is a New Test for Diagnosis of Kidney Transplant Acute Rejection.: Abstract# A232|journal=Transplantation|language=en|volume=98|pages=466|doi=10.1097/00007890-201407151-01549|issn=0041-1337}}

A sample of blood serum is subjected to a spin probe 16-doxyl stearate. Spin probe molecules bind specifically to albumin molecules where they occupy two main positions:

• primary binding sites located in albumin domains, where their mobility is restricted
• the relatively spacious hydrophobic area between the protein domains in the interior of the albumin globule.

The spin probe molecules bound on albumin have restricted mobility that changes the EPR spectrum, which reflects characteristics of the protein site where the spin probe is located and allows estimating the conformation of the albumin globule. Some part of the spin probe remains in the serum in the unbound state. The ratio of the fractions of bound and unbound spin probes allows estimating the functional activity of albumin molecules. Analysis of the EPR spectrum allows assessment of the conformation and functional activity of albumin molecules.

The test material is 100 μL serum or plasma.

The procedure includes mixing a serum sample with a spin probe reagent, incubating the mixture, measuring the EPR spectrum of a serum with a spin probe, and analyzing the EPR spectrum by calculating the conformation and functional indicators of albumin molecules.

A specific change to the conformation of albumin molecules{{Cite journal|author=V.Muravsky|author2=A.Gurachevsky|author3=G.Matthes|date=2007|title=Disease-specific albumin patterns defined by electron spin resonance|journal=Tumor Biol.|volume=28 (suppl. 1)|issn=1423-0380}}{{Cite journal|last1=Kazmierczak|first1=S. C.|last2=Gurachevsky|first2=A.|last3=Matthes|first3=G.|last4=Muravsky|first4=V.|date=2006-09-21|title=Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy of Serum Albumin: A Novel New Test for Cancer Diagnosis and Monitoring|journal=Clinical Chemistry|language=en|volume=52|issue=11|pages=2129–2134|doi=10.1373/clinchem.2006.073148|pmid=16990414|issn=0009-9147|doi-access=free}} that is associated with the growth of a malignant tumor is caused by (or associated with) changes in the composition of metabolites carried by serum albumin during the growth of a malignant tumor{{Cite journal|title=Biomarker Amplification by Serum Carrier Protein Binding|journal=Disease Markers|volume=19|issue=1|pages=1–10|author=Lance A. Liotta|author2=Emanuel F. Petricoin|author3=David A. Fishman|author4=Vincent Fusaro|author5=Mark S. Lowenthal|author6=Sally Ross|date=2003|doi=10.1155/2003/104879|pmid=14757941|pmc=3851653|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal|last=Lowenthal|first=M. S.|date=2005-10-01|title=Analysis of Albumin-Associated Peptides and Proteins from Ovarian Cancer Patients|journal=Clinical Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=10|pages=1933–1945|doi=10.1373/clinchem.2005.052944|pmid=16099937|issn=0009-9147|doi-access=free}} (proliferating cancer cells uptake and release metabolites in abnormal quantities).

Clinical studies of the EPR test of serum albumin{{Cite journal|vauthors=Seidel P, Gurachevsky A, Muravsky V, Schnurr K, Seibt G, Matthes G |date=2005|title=Recognition of malignant processes with neural nets from ESR spectra of serum albumin|journal=Z. Med. Phys.|volume=15|issue=4|pages=265–272|pmid=16422355|doi=10.1078/0939-3889-00263}}{{Cite journal|last1=Gurachevsky|first1=Andrey|last2=Muravskaya|first2=Ekaterina|last3=Gurachevskaya|first3=Tatjana|last4=Smirnova|first4=Lena|last5=Muravsky|first5=Vladimir|date=2007|title=Cancer-Associated Alteration in Fatty Acid Binding to Albumin Studied by Spin-Label Electron Spin Resonance|journal=Cancer Investigation|language=en|volume=25|issue=6|pages=378–383|doi=10.1080/07357900701407947|pmid=17882647|s2cid=37370861|issn=0735-7907}}{{Cite journal|last1=Gelos|first1=Marcos|last2=Hinderberger|first2=Dariush|last3=Welsing|first3=Ellen|last4=Belting|first4=Julia|last5=Schnurr|first5=Kerstin|last6=Mann|first6=Benno|date=2010|title=Analysis of albumin fatty acid binding capacity in patients with benign and malignant colorectal diseases using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy|journal=International Journal of Colorectal Disease|language=en|volume=25|issue=1|pages=119–127|doi=10.1007/s00384-009-0777-0|pmid=19644694|s2cid=22005646|issn=0179-1958}}{{Cite journal|last1=Gurachevsky|first1=Andrey|last2=Kazmierczak|first2=Steven C.|last3=Jörres|first3=Achim|last4=Muravsky|first4=Vladimir|date=2008-01-01|title=Application of spin label electron paramagnetic resonance in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer and sepsis|journal=Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine|volume=46|issue=9|pages=1203–10|doi=10.1515/CCLM.2008.260|pmid=18783341|s2cid=10982218|issn=1437-4331}}{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51870426|title=Spin electron paramagnetic resonance of albumin for diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)|author=Maximilian Moergel|author2=Peer W. Kämmerer|author3=Kerstin Schnurr|journal=Clinical Oral Investigations |display-authors=etal|date=2012 |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=1529–1533 |doi=10.1007/s00784-011-0655-3|pmid=22160580 |s2cid=21300133 }} showed diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 90%.

Clinical applications:

• as a screening test to detect cancer-specific metabolic alterations in patients;
• to determine whether the cancer growth has stopped or the disease is progressing;
• to determine when cancer treatment is effective or needs to be changed.

Reduced functional activity of serum albumin (reduced binding efficacy) is associated with toxemia (an increase in the concentration of toxic molecules in the blood) and is manifested before other clinical symptoms.

Clinical applications:

• prognosis and early diagnosis of sepsis (1 to 2 hours after surgery);{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vorobiev P, Bezmelnitsyna L, Krasnova L, Muravsky V, Davidova T, Sytov A |date=2013|title=Economical Justification of the Innovation Method of Laboratory Diagnostic of the Structural and Functional Changes of Serum Albumin in Septic Complications (Ata-Test)|journal=Value in Health|volume=16|issue=7|pages=A364|doi=10.1016/j.jval.2013.08.242|doi-access=free}}
• diagnosis of severe preeclampsia (gestosis) in women in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy;{{Cite web |author=U. Muravski|author2=A. Kalachyk|author3=T. Ivanets|date=2015|title=Detoxifying activity of serum albumin demonstrated diagnostic utility in patients with kidney transplant dysfunction and pregnant women with preeclampcia|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/62e055139572957b7359fa3d/t/62e74cd9b676bf41445b0dc5/1659325671856/data-documents-Poster-AACC-2015.pdf}}
• diagnostics of the functional status of a kidney transplant{{Cite journal|author=A. Kalachyk|author2=I. Ugolev|author3=T. Zabello|author4=E. Oganova|author5=V. Muravsky|date=2014-01-01|title=Electron spin resonance spectroscopy of serum albumin is a novel test for diagnosis of the kidney transplant acute rejection|journal=Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine|volume=52|issue=Supplement|doi=10.1515/cclm-2014-4035|issn=1437-4331|doi-access=free}}
• early diagnosis of congenital pneumonia in newborns.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

Category:Medical diagnosis

Category:Cancer research