Alexander Crombie (surgeon)
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Short description|Scottish surgeon (1845–1906)}}
{{Infobox medical person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Alexander Crombie
| honorific_suffix = CB
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| birth_name =
| birth_date = 2 December 1845
| birth_place = Crail, Fifeshire, Scotland
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1906|09|29|1845|12|02|df=y}}
| death_place = London, England{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VpNMAQAAMAAJ|title=The Lancet|date=13 October 1906|publisher=J. Onwhyn|series=Part 2|volume=2|pages=1035|language=en}}
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| education = University of Edinburgh
| occupation = Surgeon
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| work_institutions = *Indian Medical Service
| specialism =
| research_field = Tropical diseases
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Alexander Crombie {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CB}} (2 December 1845 – 29 September 1906) was a Scottish surgeon who joined the Indian Medical Service and became resident surgeon at Calcutta Medical College, India, where he became professor of materia medica.
He served the civil surgeoncy of Dacca before becoming joint civil surgeon at Simla, and later joined the Medical Board at the India Office while simultaneously serving the Medical Board at the War Office. In Calcutta, he initiated the use of hypodermic morphine for an easier use of chloroform anaesthesia, the first documented account of premedication.
When he returned to England he was appointed lecturer in tropical diseases at the Middlesex Hospital and the London School of Tropical Medicine. In 1904 he was listed a member of the honorary medical staff to the King Edward VII's Hospital for Officers.
Early life and education
Alexander Crombie was born on 2 December 1845 at Fifeshire, Scotland.{{cite journal |title=Alexander Crombie, M.D., C.B. |journal=British Medical Journal |date=20 October 1906 |volume=2 |issue=2390 |pages=1069–1070 |pmid=2382534 |pmc=2382534 |issn=0007-1447}}{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-185086 |year=2007 |access-date=12 April 2021 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U185086 |url-access=subscription |title=Crombie, Brigade-Surgeon Lt-Col Alexander, (1845–29 Sept. 1906), Fellow Calcutta Univ. |encyclopedia=Who's Who & Who Was Who|isbn=978-0-19-954089-1 }} He attended St. Andrews Public School, and subsequently studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, where in 1867 he received the M.B. with honours (as well as a Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh), and earned a doctorate in 1870. In March 1871, with admission into the Indian Medical Service (IMS) temporarily closed, he gained entry to the Army Medical Service (AMS) effective 1 April, coming first place in the AMS examinations. In December 1872, he resigned from the AMS at the reopening of the IMS, and once again came first place in the necessary examinations.
Career
Crombie reached India in July 1872 and was appointed resident surgeon at the Calcutta Medical College (CMC) the following year. At the CMC he became professor of materia medica in 1874 and wrote for The Indian Medical Gazette. In February 1875, he was appointed junior civil surgeon at Rangoon, where he was also its port health officer, a position he held until April of 1877. Following this, he served the civil surgeoncy of Dacca and was put in charge of a mental asylum and the hospital for locals. In From April 1880 into 1881, he was joint civil surgeon at Simla, where he reported an outbreak of "Hill diarrhoea".{{cite book|last=Gracey|first=Michael |title=Diarrhea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7EhCyocTGgC&pg=PA135|year=1991|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-8819-4|page=135}} He would return to his former post at Dacca thereafter, where he would remain until 1888, upon which time he was transferred to Calcutta.
As surgeon-superintendent at the Presidency General Hospital, Calcutta, he was the first to use morphine by syringe for the easier administration of chloroform anaesthesia, the first documented account of premedication.{{cite book|last1=Divekar|first1=Vasumathi M.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foJXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|title=Understanding Anesthetic Equipment & Procedures: A Practical Approach|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|year=2018|isbn=978-93-5270-316-6|editor-last=Baheti|editor-first=Dwarkadas K.|edition=2nd|location=New Delhi|pages=18–19|language=English|chapter=2. Anaesthesia equipment in India - A historical perspective|editor-last2=Laheri|editor-first2=Vandana V.}}{{cite journal |last1=Divekar |first1=VM |last2=Naik |first2=LD |title=Evolution of Anaesthesia In India |journal=Journal of Postgraduate Medicine |date=2001 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=149–152 |pmid=11832613 |url=http://www.bioline.org.br/request?jp01045}} He became a fellow of Calcutta University, and a member and later president of the Calcutta Medical Society. His presidential address in 1894, at the Indian Medical Congress in Calcutta, focussed on the classification of fevers{{cite book |last1=Ramanna |first1=Mridula |title=Western Medicine and Public Health in Colonial Bombay, 1845–1895 |year=2002 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2302-9 |pages=145–146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsGG0s_HxH0C&dq=Alexander+Crombie+calcutta&pg=PA146 |language=en}} which he associated with particular Indian cities such as Calcutta fever and Bombay fever. He also described typhoid fever, non-malarial remittent fever and simple continued fever. He retired from the Indian Medical Service in 1898 as a brigade surgeon with the rank being equivalent to lieutenant colonel.
In 1900, two years after retiring, he joined the Medical Board at the India Office and during his three years with them also served the Medical Board at the War Office. When he returned to England, he was appointed lecturer of tropical diseases at the Middlesex Hospital and at the London School of Tropical Medicine.
Awards and honours
Crombie was awarded associate membership of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem{{clarify|date=May 2021 |reason=There are several items which share this name. Is this the correct one? }} during his lifetime, and was also made Companion of the Bath (civil division) in 1902. In 1904, he was listed a member of the honorary medical staff to the King Edward VII's Hospital for Officers."List of Honorary Medical Staff of the Hospital". King Edward VII's Hospital for Officers (Sister Agnes). Historical Record 1899–1969 (3rd ed.). London: Beaumont House. 1969. p. 20-21.
Personal and family
Death
Crombie died on 29 September 1906 following a cancerous disease affecting his lumbar spine.
Selected publications
- {{cite journal |title=Lectures on the Vasculo-Cardiacs |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |date=2 November 1874 |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=281–283 |pmid=28995080 |issn=0019-5863|last1=Crombie |first1=A. |pmc=5128246 }}
- {{cite journal|title=Combined Use of Morphia and Chloroform |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |date=1 August 1882 |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=223 |pmid=28998955 |issn=0019-5863|last1=Crombie |first1=A. |pmc=5152022 }}
- {{cite journal |title=The Treatment of Hill Diarrhœa |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |date=May 1892 |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=129–132 |pmid=28999901 |issn=0019-5863|last1=Crombie |first1=A. |pmc=5136780 }}
References
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Category:Indian Medical Service officers
Category:Physicians of the Middlesex Hospital
Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Category:Academics of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Category:19th-century Scottish medical doctors
Category:20th-century Scottish medical doctors
Category:Honorary medical staff at King Edward VII's Hospital for Officers