Alexander Rhind

{{about||the Scottish antiquarian and archaeologist|Alexander Henry Rhind|the Scottish footballer|Alex Rhind}}

{{Infobox military person

| name = Alexander Colden Rhind

| image = Alexander C. Rhind.jpg

| caption =

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1821|10|31}}

| death_date = {{Death date and age|1897|11|8|1821|10|31}}

| placeofburial_label = Place of burial

| placeofburial = Colden Family Cemetery, Montgomery, New York

| birth_place = New York City, New York

| death_place = New York City, New York

| placeofburial_coordinates =

| nickname =

| allegiance = United States of America

| branch = 25px United States Navy

| serviceyears = 1838–1883

| rank =35px Rear Admiral

| unit =

| commands = {{USS|Crusader|1858|2}}
{{USS|Keokuk|1862|2}}
{{USS|Paul Jones|1862|2}}
{{USS|Wabash|1855|2}}
{{USS|Agawam|1863|2}}
{{USS|Louisiana|1861|2}}
{{USS|Congress|1868|2}}

| battles =Mexican–American War
American Civil War

| awards =

| relations =

| laterwork =

}}

Alexander Colden Rhind (October 31, 1821 – November 8, 1897) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy, who served during the Mexican–American War and American Civil War.

Biography

=Early life=

Rhind was born in New York City, New York, the son of Charles Rhind, a prominent shipowner who became the U.S. minister to the Ottoman Empire in 1827.{{Cite web

|url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/11/10/102545776.pdf

|title=Death of Admiral Rhind

|date=10 November 1897

|work=The New York Times

|access-date=26 October 2010

}} His mother, Susan Fell,{{Cite web

|url= https://archive.org/stream/collections01alexgoog/collections01alexgoog_djvu.txt

|title=The life of William Alexander, Earl of Stirling, Major-General in the Army of the United States during the Revolution

|work=archive.org

|access-date=27 October 2010

}} was a descendant of Cadwallader Colden, the Governor of the colonial Province of New York from 1769 to 1771.

=Early career=

Rhind was appointed midshipman on September 3, 1838,{{Cite DANFS | title = Rhind | url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/r/rhind.html | date=25 September 2005 | accessdate = 26 October 2010 | archiveurl= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20101208140317/http%3A//www%2Ehistory%2Enavy%2Emil/danfs/r5/rhind%2Ehtm| archivedate= December 8, 2010 | url-status= live}} and between 1839 and 1841 he served in the Mediterranean Squadron aboard the frigate {{USS|Ohio|1820|2}} and the sloop-of-war {{USS|Cyane|1837|2}}. He then served aboard the sloop-of-war {{USS|Warren|1827|2}} in the West Indies in 1842–1843, then on the frigate {{USS|Macedonian|1836|2}} off the coast of Africa in 1843–1844, before attending the Philadelphia Naval School in 1844–1845. Promoted to passed midshipman on July 2, 1845, Rhind served on the brig {{USS|Washington|1837|2}} in the United States Coast Survey in 1845–1846, which was then attached the Home Squadron on the coast of Mexico during the Mexican–American War, being present at Alvarado and the First Battle of Tabasco.{{Cite web

|url= https://archive.org/stream/recordsoflivingo00hame/recordsoflivingo00hame_djvu.txt

|title=The records of living officers of the U.S. Navy & Marine Corps : compiled from official sources

|work=archive.org

|year=1878

|access-date=27 October 2010

}}

Rhind served on the steamer {{USS|Water Witch|1847|2}} in 1848, before rejoining the U.S. Coast Survey aboard the schooner Ewing on a voyage to the coast of California in 1849–1850. He then served aboard the sloop-of-war {{USS|St. Mary's|1844|2}} in the East Indies in 1850–1851, before returning to the U.S. Coast Survey, where he remained until 1854, receiving promotion to the rank of master on April 30, 1853.{{Cite web

|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/books/callahan/reg-usn-r.htm

|title=US Navy Officers, 1775-1900 (R)

|work=history.navy.mil

|access-date=26 October 2010

|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20101205164221/http%3A//www%2Ehistory%2Enavy%2Emil/books/callahan/reg%2Dusn%2Dr%2Ehtm

|archive-date=December 5, 2010

|url-status=dead

}}

Rhind was commissioned as a lieutenant on February 17, 1854, and served on the sloop-of-war {{USS|John Adams|1799|2}} in the Pacific Squadron, but in May 1855{{Cite web

|url= https://www.amazon.com/Trial-Lieut-before-martial-Pacific/dp/B0008AXXQA/ref=sr_1_15?ie=UTF8&qid=1288133425&sr=8-15

|title=Trial of Lieut. A.C. Rhind, before a naval court martial in the Pacific Ocean, in May, 1855

|work=amazon.com

|access-date=26 October 2010

}} was court-martialed after a disagreement with his commanding officer, and left the Navy in September 1855.{{Cite web

|url= http://www.tfoenander.com/burials.html

|title=Burial Sites of Union Navy Veterans

|author=Terry Foenander

|work=tfoenander.com

|access-date=26 October 2010

}} Eventually reinstated, Rhind served on the sloop-of-war {{USS|Constellation|1854|2}}, the flagship of the Africa Squadron, from 1859 to 1861.

=American Civil War=

The American Civil War broke out in April 1861. On December 14, 1861, Rhind was ordered to take command of the screw steamer {{USS|Crusader|1858|2}} and, while commanding her, took part in the capture and destruction of Confederate works commanding the South Edisto, Dawho, and Pon-Pon Rivers, in April 1862, for which he later earned the thanks of the United States Department of the Navy in a letter dated September 7, 1864. He received promotion to lieutenant commander on July 16, 1862.

Promoted to commander on January 2, 1863, he participated in 1863 in the attacks on Charleston, South Carolina's defenses as commanding officer of the ironclad ram {{USS|Keokuk|1862|2}}. During the attack on April 7, 1863, Keokuk was struck over 90 times in 30 minutes, suffering 19 holes at or near her waterline. Retiring, she was stayed afloat until the following morning before finally sinking, by which time the crew had been taken off.

Later, after commanding the gunboat {{USS|Paul Jones|1862|2}} and the screw frigate {{USS|Wabash|1855|2}}, he assumed command of the sidewheel gunboat {{USS|Agawam|1863|2}} in the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron on October 23, 1863, and earned praise from Rear Admiral Samuel Phillips Lee for the "gallantry and endurance displayed" by hiss crew and him during an engagement with three Confederate artillery batteries at Deep Bottom on August 13, 1864.

In December 1864 Rhind was detailed to command the steamer {{USS|Louisiana|1861|2}}, which was loaded with 215 tons of gunpowder for use as a "powder boat,"{{Cite web

|url=http://www.nchistoricsites.org/fisher/powder-vessel.htm

|title=Fort Fisher - The Powder Vessel

|work=nchistoricsites.org

|access-date=27 October 2010

|archive-date=22 May 2011

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522122352/http://www.nchistoricsites.org/fisher/powder-vessel.htm

|url-status=dead

}} then towed by the sidewheel paddle steamer {{USS|Wilderness|1864|2}} to a point {{convert|250|yd|m|sigfig=2}} off Fort Fisher. There Rhind and his crew set the fuses and started a fire before escaping to Wilderness. The blast from the explosion, although loud, did little damage to the fort, and two days later Rhind returned to plant a marker buoy as near to Fort Fisher as possible to allow the fleet to bombard the fort at close range. Rear Admiral David Dixon Porter, in his official report to the Navy Department, wrote;

: "In conclusion, allow me to draw your attention to Commander Rhind and Lieutenant Preston. They engaged in the most perilous adventure that was, perhaps, ever undertaken. As an incentive to others I beg leave to recommend them for promotion. No one in the squadron considered that their lives would be saved, and Commander Rhind and Lieutenant Preston had made an arrangement to sacrifice themselves in case the vessel was boarded, a thing likely to happen."

The American Civil War ended in April 1865. In 1866 Rhind became a Companion of the First Class of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (MOLLUS), a military society composed of the officers of Union armed forces and their descendants. He was assigned MOLLUS insignia number 208.

=Post-war career=

After the war, Rhind served as the commanding officer of the receiving ship {{USS|Vermont|1848|2}} at New York City, then as commanding officer of the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn, New York in 1869–1870, receiving promotion to the rank of captain on March 2, 1870.

Rhind commanded the screw sloop {{USS|Congress|1868|2}} in the European Squadron from 1872 to 1876 , receiving promotion to commodore on September 30, 1876, then serving as a lighthouse inspector for the United States Lighthouse Board until 1879. He was president of the Board of Inspection and Survey from 1880 to 1882, and then Governor of the Philadelphia Naval Asylum in 1883. He was promoted to rear admiral on October 30, 1883, the day before his retirement, having reached the mandatory age of 62.