Alfredo Cristiani

Born into a wealthy family in San Salvador, his father Felix Cristiani was an Italian immigrant from Bagnaria, Italy and his mother Margoth Burkard de Cristiani was Salvadoran of Swiss descent.{{cite web|title=Alfredo Cristiani|url=http://www.comune.bagnaria.pv.it/storia-e-personaggi/2-pagine-sito/50-alfredo-cristiani|website=Comune di Bagnaria|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-date=25 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525062246/http://www.comune.bagnaria.pv.it/storia-e-personaggi/2-pagine-sito/50-alfredo-cristiani|url-status=dead}} He was educated at the 'Escuela Americana' (American School) in San Salvador and Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., where he graduated with a degree in Business Administration. He returned to El Salvador to work for the family business, which included pharmaceuticals, coffee, cotton and until July 2008 the Semillas Cristiani Burkard (SCB) the Central American Monsanto Company representative, leading corn seed company focused on hybrid corn production.Reuters 2 July 2008 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325205318/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS155069+02 Jul 2008+PRN20080702 Monsanto Company Completes Acquisition of Semillas Cristiani Burkard]

He married Margarita Llach in 1970, and has three children and nine grandchildren.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

He remained generally outside politics until the beginning of the 1980s when the armed conflict in El Salvador reached a critical point. As insurrection became more widespread, he became involved with the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA), which had been founded by School of the Americas trained military intelligence officer Roberto D'Aubuisson. In March 1985 D'Aubuisson resigned after ARENA suffered a defeat in the presidential elections. Cristiani became leader of the party in 1988.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

In the local and congressional elections of March 1988, ARENA won 80% of the local votes and 31 of the 60 seats in the Congress; Cristiani won one of the seats.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

In the 1989 presidential election, Cristiani was elected President with 53.8% of the vote. His swearing-in marked the beginning of a 20-year period of ARENA presidencies, and also marked only the second time in El Salvador's history that the ruling party peacefully surrendered power to the opposition.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

File:Photograph of President William Jefferson Clinton with Presidents of Central American Nations on the State Floor of the White House - NARA - 5899990.jpg After becoming President of El Salvador, he, with members of his cabinet, and other colleagues visited Europe and London. He was the principal guest at a dinner held in his honour by the Western Goals Institute at Simpsons-in-the-Strand, London, on 25 September 1989. The guest list included figures such as Sir Alfred Sherman (policy advisor to Margaret Thatcher), Professor Antony Flew, Zigmunt Szkopiak, Denis Walker and Dr Harvey Ward, all of whom were active anti-communists.The Daily Telegraph and Times, Court & Social page, 26 September 1989 This visit, along with others that included Spain, Italy, United States, Mexico, Venezuela, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and all Central American countries, was part of a diplomatic effort carried out by Cristiani and his delegates in order to find and secure international support for the peace negotiation efforts that were being carried out by his government. Support was actively and officially sanctioned by Venezuela, Mexico, and Spain, who would play an active role, along with the United Nations, in the negotiating process.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}

He was successful in the peace negotiations with the FMLN.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNkDl2uqNaUC&pg=PA191|title=Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 2000-2001|last=Karatnycky|first=Adrian|date=2001|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9780765801012|language=en}} The Salvadoran Civil War finally ended on 16 January 1992 with the Chapultepec Peace Accords.{{Cite news|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/elsalvador2.htm|title=El Salvador Civil War|last=Pike|first=John|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en}}

During his term as president, his Minister of the Presidency, the 73-year-old Dr. Jose Antonio Rodriguez Porth, was assassinated. This brought disapproval by the international community against human rights. His murder has been attributed to an urban commando of the FMLN.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

He is also known for having started structural adjustment programs, following a strong neoliberal approach. He initiated the privatization of Salvadoran banks. His wife's family bought a considerable amount of stock of one of El Salvador's largest banks, Banco Cuscatlán, which was later bought by Citi Bank. He also is responsible for the privatization of Hotel Presidente. His government also supported a unilateral reduction of Salvadoran trade barriers, the introduction of the Value Added Tax, and the elimination of other direct taxes. Despite the fact that the tax revenues were reduced, government expenditures remained high.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

He retired from politics in 1994 when his presidential term ended, and returned as president of the ARENA party in 2009 after the first presidential defeat of ARENA in twenty years.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

In 2008, two human rights organizations, The Center for Justice and Accountability and The Spanish Association for Human Rights, filed lawsuit in a Spanish court charging Cristiani and fourteen members of the Salvadoran military with direct responsibility for the 1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador.{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/11/13/el.salvador.cristiani/|title=Former El Salvador leader in war crimes case |author=Al Goodman |website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2017-12-27}} Judge Eloy Velasco admitted this lawsuit in 2009, on the basis of the principle of universal justice.{{Cite news|title=Audiencia Nacional de España investigará a 14 militares |url=http://www.diariocolatino.com/es/20090113/portada/62567/ |work=Diario CoLatino |date=13 January 2009 |access-date=25 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801093941/http://www.diariocolatino.com/es/20090113/portada/62567/ |archive-date=1 August 2013 }}

According to former rector José María Tojeira, the Jesuits and Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas, had nothing to do with this lawsuit.{{Cite news|title=Presentan demanda en España contra el ex presidente salvadoreño Alfredo Cristiani |url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2008/11/14/index.php?section=mundo&article=036n2mun|work=La Jornada|date=16 November 2006|access-date=25 April 2011}}

During the course of the judicial process, recognized Salvadoran personalities travelled to Spain to intercede for president Cristiani and remove him from the list of the accused. One of the members of the delegations was Salvador Samayoa, a former member of FPL (the Marxist–Leninist Popular Liberation Front) and the high command of the FMLN. Another of the members of the delegation was the Salvadoran politician Oscar Santamaría. Both were part of the negotiating commissions of the FMLN and the Salvadoran government that put an end to the Salvadoran Civil War. According to a cable from the US Embassy in El Salvador, both politicians were worried about the implications that the case could have in El Salvador. However, their efforts focused on Cristiani's situation{{Cite news|title=Una misión a España para sacar a Cristiani del caso jesuitas|url=http://www.wikileaks.elfaro.net/es/201106/notas/4325/|work=El Faro|date=7 June 2011|access-date=7 June 2011|language=es}}{{Cite news|title=Salvadorans discuss Cristiani case in Madrid|url=http://www.wikileaks.elfaro.net/es/201106/cables/4326/=|work=El Faro|date=7 June 2011|access-date=7 June 2011}} Samayoa was once Ignacio Ellacuría's assistant and close collaborator.{{Cite news|title=Del gobierno a la clandestinidad|url=http://archivo.elfaro.net/dlgalp/10151979/S_Samayoa.asp|work=El Faro|date=25 April 1998|access-date=7 June 2011|language=es}} Ellacuría was one of the slain scholars during the massacre in which Cristiani was implicated. Ellacuria was allegedly also the main target of the operation. Despite the efforts, an unknown witness in the case confessed his participation in this massacre, implicating the High Command of the Salvadoran Military as well as former Cristiani. Judge Velasco's resolution on the demand, initially included investigations on the 14 implicated members of the Salvadoran Military, excluding the former Salvadoran president, but including the Military High Command, represented by General (then Colonel,) René Emilio Ponce (then the chief of defence of El Salvador). However, the new testimony opened up for the indictment of Cristiani as well.{{Cite news|title=Ex militar implicado en asesinato jesuitas confiesa en España|url=http://www.elfaro.net/es/201007/noticias/2044/ |work=El Faro |date=5 July 2010|access-date=25 April 2011}} Some of the most compelling evidence that has been available for journalists is notes taken by hand during a meeting of the Salvadoran military High Command. The massacre was allegedly planned during the meeting, and both the High Command and the country's executive, were probably aware, if not directly involved, of the planning meetings.{{Cite news|title=El ex presidente Cristiani sabía que iban a atentar contra el padre Ellacuría|url=http://www.elmundo.es/america/2010/07/05/noticias/1278293115.html|work=El Mundo|date=5 July 2010|access-date=25 April 2011}} Declassified documents by the CIA have recently shed new light on this case. They indicate that the CIA had for many years known of the Salvadoran government's plans to murder the Jesuits.{{Cite news|title=Declassified Docs Shed Light on Jesuits' Murders |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=49447 |work=IPS News |date=27 November 2009 |access-date=25 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203223753/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=49447 |archive-date=3 December 2010 }} The court found 20 members of the Salvadoran military guilty on the counts of murder, terrorism, and crimes against humanity. Together, the 20 Salvadorans could serve up to 270 years in a Spanish prison. However, the court did not have enough evidence to convict Cristiani for encouraging the crime. The court established that the military executed the Jesuits because they were strong advocates of a peaceful solution to the civil war. Ellacuria was considered an obstacle to the military victory over FMLN because of his strong influence for peace negotiations.{{Cite news|title=Procesados 20 cargos militares de El Salvador por matar a Ellacuría|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Procesados/cargos/militares/Salvador/matar/Ellacuria/elpepiesp/20110531elpepinac_14/Tes|work=El País|date=31 May 2011|access-date=31 May 2011|language=es}}{{Cite news|title=Sumario 97/10. Juzgado de instrucción número 6, Audiencia Nacional, Madrid. Firma, Eloy Velasco Núñez |url=http://www.elpais.com/elpaismedia/ultimahora/media/201105/30/espana/20110530elpepunac_2_Pes_PDF.pdf |work=Juzgado de instrucción número 6, Audiencia Nacional, Madrid |date=31 May 2011 |access-date=31 May 2011 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209190403/http://www.elpais.com/elpaismedia/ultimahora/media/201105/30/espana/20110530elpepunac_2_Pes_PDF.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2012 }}

In October 2021, his name was mentioned in the Pandora Papers. He had created at least 16 offshore companies in the year following his departure from power.{{cite web | url=https://elfaro.net/es/202110/el_salvador/25765/Cristiani-abri%C3%B3-16-empresas-en-para%C3%ADsos-fiscales-tras-salir-de-Casa-Presidencial.htm | title=Cristiani abrió 16 empresas en paraísos fiscales tras salir de Casa Presidencial }}

In June 2023, Cristiani's properties were raided and seized by the office of the attorney general as a part of a "war on corruption".{{cite web|url=https://diario.elmundo.sv/nacionales/bukele-anuncia-allanamientos-en-propiedades-de-expresidente-cristiani|title=Bukele Anuncia Allanamientos en Propiedades de Expresidente Cristiani|language=es|date=1 June 2023|access-date=1 June 2023|work=El Mundo}}

The National Assembly proposed a penal code specific for the youth, and it was approved during President Cristiani's term. His minister of justice was Rene Hernandez. The law came into effect on 6 May 1995 and protects children from being tried as adults. Crimes committed by young minors are not longer judged under the regular Penal Code but under the Youth Penal Code, which applies to minors between the ages of 12 and 16 years. The maximum term for a minor who commits a crime was originally only 5 years,Article of El Salvador Newspaper La Prensa Grafica http://www.laprensagrafica.com/el-salvador/judicial/143166-a-vista-publica-acusada-de-ayudar-a-jonathan-d-en-homicidio-de-carlos-garay.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925212548/http://www.laprensagrafica.com/el-salvador/judicial/143166-a-vista-publica-acusada-de-ayudar-a-jonathan-d-en-homicidio-de-carlos-garay.html |date=25 September 2010 }} but it has recently been changed to 7 years.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• Europa Publications Ltd., The International Who's Who 2000, 63rd edition, Surrey, UK, p. 345, {{ISBN|1-85743-050-6}}

• [http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_central_y_caribe/el_salvador/alfredo_cristiani_burkard Biography by CIDOB] (in Spanish)

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{{succession box | before = José Napoleón Duarte| title = President of El Salvador|years=1989–1994| after = Armando Calderón}}

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{{Heads of state of El Salvador}}

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Category:Living people

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