Ali Soilih#Revolutionary program

{{Infobox officeholder

| name = Ali Soilih

| native_name = {{nobold|علي صويلح}}

| image = President Ali Soilih.jpg

| office = President of Comoros

| term_start = 3 January 1976

| term_end = 13 May 1978

| predecessor = Said Mohamed Jaffar

| successor = Said Atthoumani

| vicepresident = Mohamed Hassan Ali{{cite web|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015073049606|title=Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments / National Foreign Assessment Center. Apr-Jun 1978.|website=HathiTrust|hdl=2027/mdp.39015073049606 }}

| birth_date = 7 January 1937

| birth_place = Majunga, French Madagascar

| birth_name = Ali Soilih M'Tsashiwa

| death_date = {{death date and age|1978|05|29|1937|01|07|df=y}}

| death_place = Moroni, Comoros

| caption = Soilih in 1976

| native_name_lang = ar

}}

File:Flag of the Comoros (1975–1978).svg

File:Jeunesse Revolutionnaire Comoros Logo.svg

Ali Soilih M'Tsashiwa ({{langx|ar|علي صويلح}}; January 7, 1937 – May 29, 1978) was a Comorian socialist revolutionary and political figure who served as the third President of the Comoros from 3 January 1976 to 13 May 1978.

Biography

Soilih was born in Majunga, Madagascar on 7 January 1937.{{cite web |title=Ali Soilihi |url=http://www.comores-online.com/mwezinet/histoire/soilihi.htm |date=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808044435/http://www.comores-online.com/mwezinet/histoire/soilihi.htm |archive-date=8 August 2022 }} He spent much of his early life there, and was educated in Madagascar and France. During the early 1960s, he traveled to Comoros, where he worked in agriculture and economic development.

=Rise to power=

In 1967, Ali Soilih was elected to the National Assembly. In 1970, Ali Soilih entered politics as a supporter of Said Ibrahim, leader of the Democratic Assembly of the Comoran People, Rassemblement démocratique du Peuple Comorien (RDPC).[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-3393.html "Comoros: The Break with France"]. Country Data. Retrieved May 23, 2013. He was appointed minister of equipment and tourism. He soon developed an ideology of hostility towards France as the former colonial power. His ideas were socialist, and he renounced his Islamic faith and became an atheist.{{cite web |url=http://www.statraveluk.lonelyplanet.com/africa/comoros_and_mayotte/index.html |title=Comoros & Mayotte |publisher=Statraveluk.lonelyplanet.com |accessdate=11 May 2018 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20060819183656/http://www.statraveluk.lonelyplanet.com/africa/comoros_and_mayotte/index.html |archivedate=August 19, 2006 }}

On August 3, 1975, less than a month after Comoros gained independence from France, Soilih overthrew President Said Mohamed Jaffar and became head of a revolutionary council that took over Comoros. Soilih, whose adherents were barely armed, hired French mercenary Bob Denard to overthrow Ahmed Abdallah. He officially became President of the revolutionary council in January 1976. He acquired extensive powers under the terms of a new constitutionThe Europa World Year Book, V1 Taylor & Francis Group and implemented socialist economic policies. In 1977 he held a referendum on his presidency, with 56.63% of voters endorsing it.

=Revolutionary program=

Soilih embarked on a revolutionary program that was mainly directed against the country's traditional Muslim society.[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-3441.html "Comoros: Security Concerns"]. Country Data. Retrieved May 23, 2013. His vision, based on a mixture of Maoism and Islamic philosophies, was to develop the Comoros as an economically self-sufficient and ideologically progressive modern 20th-century state.

Condemned as wasteful and cumbersome, certain inherited customs of Comorian culture were abolished, like the 'Anda', the traditional "grand marriage",{{YouTube|lErI7dpWDIc|"Le Anda, Grand Mariage comorien sous Ali Soilih"}} {{in lang|fr}}. YouTube. September 14, 2008. as well as traditional funerary ceremonies, which were criticized for being too costly. Soilih advanced the cause of the youth by allowing young people to take more power. In order to reach his goal, he lowered the voting age to fourteen and put teenagers in positions of responsibility. Among the most striking of his reforms were measures designed to gain the favor of the youth, like the legalization of cannabis and promoting the removal of the veil among the women of Comoros.French, Howard (1997). [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2935448 "The Mercenary Position"] {{subscription required}}. Transition 73: 110-121.

Soilih created the 'Moissy', a young revolutionary militia trained by Tanzanian military advisers. The Moissy was a Comorian version of Mao Zedong's Red Guards, and its methods were similar to those that had been employed by their Chinese counterpart during the Cultural Revolution.[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-3394.html "Comoros: The Soilih Regime"]. Country Data. Retrieved May 23, 2013.[http://www.al-hakawati.net/english/states/comoros.asp "Union of Comoros"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403053203/http://www.al-hakawati.net/english/states/comoros.asp |date=2012-04-03 }}. Al-Hakawati. Retrieved May 23, 2013.

=Consequences=

Soilih's confrontational policies led to France terminating all aid and technical assistance programs to the Comoros, while traditional leaders of the islands resented the progressive elimination of age-old traditions. The teenage Moissy, commanded by a 15-year-old chosen only for his loyalty to the president, behaved with outrageous arrogance, raping any women who resisted their advances and killing anyone who questioned their authority in the slightest. Hence, they were viewed by Comorians as a repressive force.Hebditch, David & Connor, Ken How to Stage a Military Coup: From Planning to Execution New York, Skyhorse Publishing Inc., page 135. Growing discontent promoted by the political opposition resulted in four unsuccessful coup attempts against the Soilih regime during its two-and-a-half-year existence.

=Coup d'état and assassination=

{{Anchor|Coup d'état}}On May 13, 1978, Soilih was finally overthrown by a force of 50 mercenaries, the majority of them former French paratroopers hired by exiled former leader Ahmed Abdallah and led by French Colonel Bob Denard.[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-3394.html Comoros - The Soilih Regime] Abdallah became president, Soilih's policies were reversed, and the name of the country was changed to "Islamic Federal Republic of the Comoros".Lehtinen, Terhi. [http://www.conflicttransform.net/Comoros.pdf "The Secessionist Crisis in the Comoros Islands"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723052303/http://www.conflicttransform.net/Comoros.pdf |date=2011-07-23 }}. Conflict Transformation Services. Retrieved May 23, 2013. On May 29, Soilih was shot and killed; according to the government, he had attempted to escape from house arrest.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/30/archives/excomoro-island-chief-reported-shot-to-death-while-trying-to-escape.html |title=Ex-Comoro Island Chief Reported Shot to Death While Trying to Escape |work=The New York Times |date=May 29, 1978}} {{subscription required}} He was 41 years old when he died.

Aftermath

More than 10 years later, in 1989, Soilih's older half-brother, Said Mohamed Djohar, overthrew Abdallah, possibly with the help of Denard. He served as president of the Comoros until 1996.

The effects of the social policies of Ali Soilih are still apparent throughout the Comoros, particularly on Anjouan.Rushby, Kevin (October 1, 2001). [https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2001/oct/01/features11.g2 "Another day, another coup"]. The Guardian.{{vague|date=March 2013}}