Alix, Duchess of Brittany

Alix was born in 1200. She was the daughter of Constance, Duchess of Brittany, and her co-ruler and third husband, Guy of Thouars.{{sfn|Baldwin|1986|p=239}} According to several French historians, Constance died after giving birth to Alix's sisters Catherine and Margaret.{{efn|According to historian Arthur Le Moyne de La Borderie, Constance and Guy had a third daughter, Margaret.}} Alix's older half-brother was Arthur I, Duke of Brittany, and her half-sisters were Eleanor and Matilda of Brittany, the children of Constance by Geoffrey of England. Upon the death of Richard I of England, a power struggle commenced between her half-brother Arthur and John, King of England. At the Battle of Mirebeau in 1202, Arthur and Eleanor were captured. Arthur was imprisoned at the Château de Falaise and in 1203 disappeared. Eleanor was imprisoned at Corfe Castle.

The Breton barons recognized Alix as Duchess of Brittany after the presumed death of Arthur, instead of Eleanor. This was due to fears that John might claim to rule Brittany as regent for the imprisoned Eleanor. Alix's father became regent for Alix until 1206, when Philip II of France made himself the regent of the duchy in Alix's name. Philip II broke off the betrothal of Alix and the Breton prince Henry of Penthièvre,{{efn|Henry and his family would later become dispossessed of the Countship of Penthièvre by Alix's husband, Peter I, Duke of Brittany, who would then bestow the title on their daughter Yolande of Brittany.}} and turned to his French cousin Peter of Dreux, as Alix's husband.{{sfn|Smith|1995|p=148}} In 1208, John permitted Eleanor to style herself Duchess of Brittany and Countess of Richmond, but gave her no lands of Richmond Earldom. Peter married Alix on 27 January 1213, and paid homage to the French king for Brittany. In 1214 John recognized Alix as Duchess of Brittany, renouncing the claim of Eleanor.

In 1218 Peter and Alix were recognised by the English regent William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, as Earl and Countess of Richmond in place of Eleanor, who would never be released from imprisonment.

Alix died on 21 October 1221,{{sfn|Painter|2020|p=28}} without having exercised much control over her own inheritance. She was succeeded in the duchy by her son John I,{{sfn|Painter|2020|p=28}} but Peter remained the de facto ruler of Brittany as John I's regent until 1237.

Alix and Peter had:

1. John I, Duke of Brittany ({{circa|1217}}–1286), married Blanche of Navarre,{{sfn|Richard|1983|p=xxviii}} daughter of the king of Navarre, Theobald I of Navarre.
2. Yolande of Brittany, (1218–1272), married Hugh XI of Lusignan,{{sfn|Richard|1983|p=xxviii}} Count of Angoulême and Count of Marche
3. Arthur of Brittany (1220–1224), betrothed to Jeanne de Craon,{{sfn|Morvan|2009|loc=Genealogie n2}} daughter of Amaury I de Craon and Jeanne des Roches

Alix of Thouars is the heroine of the novel Le Poids d’une couronne (légende bretonne) (1867–1868) by Gabrielle d’Étampes and is mentioned in the novel Dans l’Ombre du Passé (2020) by Léa Chaillou, where it is revealed that the heroine is named after her.

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |first=John W. |last=Baldwin |title=The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages |publisher=University of California Press |year=1986 }}
• {{cite book |editor-first1=Judith |editor-last1=Everard |editor-first2=Michael |editor-last2=Jones |title=The Charters of Duchess Constance of Brittany and her Family (1171-1221 |publisher=The Boydell Press |year=1999 }}
• {{cite book |first=Frederic |last=Morvan |title=La Chevalerie bretonne et la formation de l'armee ducale |language=French |publisher=Presses Universitaires de Rennes |year=2009}}
• {{cite book |title=The Scourge of the Clergy: Peter of Dreux, Duke of Brittany |first=Sidney |last=Painter |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2020 }}28
• {{cite book |title=Saint Louis: Crusader King of France |editor-first=Simon |editor-last=Lloyd |first=Jean |last=Richard |translator-first=Jean |translator-last=Birrell |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1983 }}
• {{cite encyclopedia |title=Brittany |first=Julia M.H. |last=Smith |encyclopedia=Medieval France: An Encyclopedia |editor-first=William W. |editor-last=Kibler |publisher=Garland Publishing Inc. |year=1995 }}

{{commons category|Alix of Thouars|Alix, Duchess of Brittany}}

• Dukes of Brittany family tree

{{S-start}}

{{S-hou|House of Thouars|}}

{{s-reg}}

{{s-bef|before=Arthur I}}

{{s-ttl|title=Duchess of Brittany|years=1203–1221||regent1=Peter|years1=1213-1221}}

{{s-aft|after=John I}}

{{s-reg|en}}

{{S-bef|before=Arthur I}}

{{S-ttl | title=Countess of Richmond|years=1203–1221|regent1=Peter|years1=1213–1221}}

{{S-aft|after=John I}}

{{s-end}}

{{Breton monarchs}}

Category:1200 births

Category:1221 deaths

Category:12th-century Breton women

Category:12th-century Breton people

Category:13th-century Breton women

Category:13th-century duchesses regnant

Category:13th-century dukes of Brittany

Category:13th-century countesses regnant

Category:Duchesses of Brittany

Category:Medieval child monarchs

Category:Dukes of Brittany