Allotriocarida
{{Short description|Superclass of arthropods}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = Upper Cambrian{{cite journal |last1=Walossek |first1=Dieter |title=The Upper Cambrian Rehbachiella and the phylogeny of Branchiopoda and Crustacea |journal=Lethaia |date=December 1993 |volume=26 |issue=4 |page=318 |doi=10.1111/j.1502-3931.1993.tb01537.x |bibcode=1993Letha..26....1W |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1993.tb01537.x}} {{fossil_range|497|0|earliest=500|latest=0}}
| image = European_praying_mantis_(Mantis_religiosa)_green_female_Dobruja.jpg
| image_caption = Mantis religiosa, a hexapod
| image2 = Triops_longicaudatus2.jpg
| image2_caption = Triops longicaudatus, a branchiopod
| taxon = Allotriocarida
| authority = Oakley et al., 2013
| subdivision_ranks = Subphyla and classes
| subdivision_ref =
| subdivision =
}}
Allotriocarida is a clade of Pancrustacea, containing Hexapoda (all insects, springtails & their close relatives). It also contains three non-hexapod classes: Remipedia (blind, venomous crustaceans), Cephalocarida (translucent aquatic detrivores), and Branchiopoda (freshwater, non-decapod 'shrimp'). Newer studies also relocate Copepoda, which traditionally has belonged to the multicrustaceans, to the Allotriocarida.{{cite journal |first1=James P |last1=Bernot |first2=Christopher L |last2=Owen |first3=Joanna M |last3=Wolfe |first4=Kenneth |last4=Meland |first5=Jørgen |last5=Olesen |first6=Keith A |last6=Crandall |title=Major Revisions in Pancrustacean Phylogeny and Evidence of Sensitivity to Taxon Sampling |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=40 |issue=8 |year=2023 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msad175|pmid=37552897 |pmc=10414812 }}
Allotriocarida is one of three major clades within Pancrustacea, being most closely related to its sister clade Multicrustacea (crabs, lobsters, barnacles, etc), and more distantly related to the superclass Oligostraca (seed shrimp, fish lice, and tongue worms).{{BioRef|WoRMS|id=1598172 |title=Allotriocarida}}
History
The idea of hexapods being 'terrestrial crustaceans' is relatively recent, coming from a 2005 molecular analysis study.{{Cite journal|title=Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic|first1=Jerome C.|last1=Regier|first2=Jeffrey W.|last2=Shultz|first3=Robert E.|last3=Kambic|date=February 22, 2005|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=272|issue=1561|pages=395–401|doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2917|pmid=15734694|pmc=1634985}}
A 2013 study restructured the relationships within Pancrustacea, and first proposed the name Allotriocarida.{{cite journal |last1=Oakley |first1=Todd H. |last2=Wolfe |first2=Joanna M. |last3=Lindgren |first3=Annie R. |last4=Zaharoff |first4=Alexander K. |title=Phylotranscriptomics to Bring the Understudied into the Fold: Monophyletic Ostracoda, Fossil Placement, and Pancrustacean Phylogeny |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=January 2013 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.1093/molbev/mss216 |pmid=22977117 |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/30/1/215/1021983?login=false}}
The most recent study of Allotriocarida in 2019 provides additional evidence suggesting that Hexapoda and Remipedia are likely more closely related to each other than to Cephalocarida or Branchiopoda.{{Cite journal|title=Pancrustacean Evolution Illuminated by Taxon-Rich Genomic-Scale Data Sets with an Expanded Remipede Sampling|first1=Jesus|last1=Lozano-Fernandez|first2=Mattia|last2=Giacomelli|first3=James F.|last3=Fleming|first4=Albert|last4=Chen|first5=Jakob|last5=Vinther|first6=Philip Francis|last6=Thomsen|first7=Henrik|last7=Glenner|first8=Ferran|last8=Palero|first9=David A.|last9=Legg|first10=Thomas M.|last10=Iliffe|first11=Davide|last11=Pisani|first12=Jørgen|last12=Olesen|date=August 1, 2019|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334261134|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution|volume=11|issue=8|pages=2055–2070|via=PubMed|doi=10.1093/gbe/evz097|pmid=31270537|pmc=6684935}}
As of 2024, the existence of Allotriocarida as a monophyletic group within Pancrustacea is now much more widely accepted than the Atelocerata classification which dates back to the 19th century. This formerly-held belief was that hexapods and myriapods (centipedes, millipedes, etc.) are more closely related to each other than they are to the Multicrustacea, based on morphological similarities in their tracheae, but this proposition has been contradicted by the aforementioned modern molecular phylogenetic studies. The most recent understanding of Allotriocarida, as described in the 2019 study, can be seen in the cladogram below.
{{clade
|label1=Allotriocarida
|1={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=Branchiopoda
|2={{clade
|1=Remipedia
|label2=Hexapoda
|2={{clade
|1=Protura
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Diplura
|2=Collembola
}}
|2=Insecta
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}