Althorpe Islands

The islands was first sighted by Europeans on Saturday 20 March 1802 from {{HMS|Investigator|1798|6}} whilst under the command of Matthew Flinders. They are reportedly named after the family home of George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer, also known as Viscount Althorp, in Northamptonshire which is actually spelled as ‘Althorp'.{{cite book|last=Flinders|first=Matthew|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?pageno=249&fk_files=1486723|title=A Voyage to Terra Australis : undertaken for the purpose of completing the discovery of that vast country, and prosecuted in the years 1801, 1802, and 1803 in His Majesty's ship the Investigator, and subsequently in the armed vessel Porpoise and Cumberland Schooner; with an account of the shipwreck of the Porpoise, arrival of the Cumberland at Mauritius, and imprisonment of the commander during six years and a half in that island.|publisher=Libraries Board of South Australia|year=1966|edition=Facsimile|location=Adelaide |page=249|author-link=Matthew Flinders|access-date=21 June 2014|orig-year=1814}}{{acad|id=SPNR776GJ|name=Spencer, George John, Viscount Althorp}}{{cite book|url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/3fbcb962-2f67-4e9b-ae0d-9e4f00b16923/cons-gen-althorpe-goose-troubridge-parkmgmtplan-adopted.pdf|title=Management Plan – Althorpe Islands, Goose Island and Troubridge Island Conservation Parks|publisher=Department of Environment & Heritage|year=2009|isbn=978-1-921466-76-2|location=Adelaide|pages=26}}

Sealers on the cutter Jane and Emma (Captain John Shaw) landed there in October 1851 and took a number of fur seals, Cape Barren Geese and mutton birds.John Lingwood Stuart (transcribed, edited and annotated by Robert M. Warneke), Three colonial adventures; the journals of John Lingwood Stuart, (2018) Melbourne, Edition Renard, Part III, p.7-10.{{ISBN|9781920738150}}File:Althorpe Island lighthouse, South Australia, 1900.jpg – PRG280 1 5 279|262x262px]]File:A steamship at the Althorpe Island jetty 1905.jpg PRG280 1 5 85|198x198px]]

The lighthouse keepers’ cottages which stand today are of State Heritage significance and remain as evidence of the islands’ past contribution to maritime trade and safety. Construction of the Althorpe Island Lighthouse began in 1877. An accident claimed the life of the foreman of works in 1878, slowing the project's progress.[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article90870223 "Marine Board. Althorpe Island lighthouse."] South Australian Chronicle & Weekly Mail, South Australia (1878-04-20). Retrieved 2014-02-16. Once complete, the lighthouse was operated and maintained by resident keepers from its first light in 1879 until it was demanned in 1991. C. A. Unbehaun supervised the laying of a submarine telephone cable in 1886 from the Althorpes to Cape Spencer.{{cite news|date=7 February 1924|title=Adelaide's First Telephones|page=10|newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article36649401|access-date=1 November 2014|via=National Library of Australia}}

The light is now automated and is maintained by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority.

Althorpe Island has a number of heritage-listed structures:

• Althorpe Island Jetty and Railway for Trolley{{cite web|title=Jetty & Railway for Trolley, Althorpe Islands Conservation Park|url=http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=7|access-date=12 February 2016|work=South Australian Heritage Register|publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources}}{{Dead link|date=October 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
• Althorpe Island Lighthouse{{cite web|title=Althorpe Island Lighthouse, Althorpe Islands Conservation Park|url=http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=5|access-date=12 February 2016|work=South Australian Heritage Register|publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources}}{{Dead link|date=October 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
• Althorpe Island Lighthouse Keepers' Cottages{{cite web|title=Althorpe Island Lighthouse Keepers' Cottages, Althorpe Islands Conservation Park|url=http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=6|access-date=12 February 2016|work=South Australian Heritage Register|publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources}}{{Dead link|date=October 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}

Althorpe Island was described in 1879 as "no means an abode of bliss, for it is bare and bleak. The vegetation is nothing but scrubby bushes a few inches high, which seem afraid to grow any bigger lest they be blown off; and the flat summit of the now inhabited island rock is swept by the wild winds that chase the rollers into foam on the rocks beneath."[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article42974000/3996938 "Annual inspection of lighthouses. Lighting the Althorpes."] South Australian Register, South Australia (1879-02-18). Retrieved 2014-02-27.

In 1845, the islands were described as being "frequented by penguins and Cape Barren geese". They support significant seabird colonies, including the state endangered white-bellied sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster). The smaller islets of Althorpe Islands provide haul-out areas for nationally and state vulnerable Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea). In 1888, the islands were referred to as "the retreat of the penguins, gulls and seals".{{Cite news|date=1888-01-12|title=CRUISE OF THE ALFREDA.|pages=6|work=South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 - 1900)|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46866401|access-date=2020-06-18}}

An early written account of the native wildlife of Althorpe Island was printed in the South Australian Register in 1879:

"Mutton birds make their 'holey' habitations on all sides of the Althorpes; seals sport in secluded spots; swift seagulls and solemn shags make the welkin (whatever instrument that is) ring consumedly; penguins, like little lads in white pinafores, inhabit the nooks and crannies of the rocks... Sharks, sometimes of enormous size, may often be seen meandering softly round the ocean streets."

In 1951, a lighthouse keeper described the native wildlife at Althorpe Island:

"Penguins nest there in the mating season, and their young are to be seen in nooks and crannies around the shore. During the summer months, from September to March, mutton birds migrating from Siberia nest on the island in millions, digging their nests in the soil, under bushes and literally covering the ground... Years ago, seals were plentiful on the island, but owing to large scale slaughter during the early days of the State, few, if any, remain."Holbert, Kendall [http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93859984 "Life at Althorpe Lighthouse"] Chronicle, South Australia (1951-07-26). Retrieved 2014-02-16.

Accounts of little penguins on Althorpe Island were printed in various newspapers from 1845, 1846 1879, 1883, 1884,{{Cite news|date=1884-01-12|title=THE ANNUAL INSPECTION OF LIGHTHOUSES.|pages=8|work=South Australian Weekly Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1881 - 1889)|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93149282|access-date=2020-06-02}} 1886, 1887, 1888, 1894, 1897 and 1902.

In 1845, penguins and Cape Barren geese were known to frequent Althorpe Island.[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71602490 "Local News."] South Australian, South Australia (1845-08-22). Retrieved 2014-02-27. In 1883, W. Reddan described Althorpe Island's little penguin colony, stating: "It is extraordinary the number of penguins on this island, they are everywhere."Reddan, W. [http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article106576525 "A Trip to Althorpe Island"] Kapunda Herald, South Australia (1883-10-30). Retrieved 2014-02-16.{{Cite news|date=1884-01-25|title=A TRIP TO ALTHORPE ISLAND.|pages=3|work=Port Adelaide News and Lefevre's Peninsula Advertiser (SA : 1883 - 1897)|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article195872705|access-date=2020-05-23}} A visit of the Marine Board the following year noted that "Down on the rocks the penguins waddle about in large numbers."[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article35951872 "The annual inspection of lighthouses"] The South Australian Advertiser, South Australia (1884-01-08). Retrieved 2014-02-27.

In 1886, the penguins of Althorpe Island were briefly mentioned in The Advertiser: "pairs of whom were found peering with pensive eyes out of holes in the sandy rocks." In 1887, The South Australian Register also described them: "In crevices of the rocks innumerable birds find refuge, and in these and in holes in the sand the queer-shaped penguin also has its habitation."[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46092601 "South Australia's Jubilee - Fifty years of progress - The province as it is - The centre of settlement"] South Australian Register, South Australia (1887-06-21). Retrieved 2014-02-26.

In 1894, penguins were regarded as abundant along the rocks of the island{{Cite news|date=1894-01-20|title=GENERAL NEWS ROUND THE NORTHERN LIGHTHOUSES.|pages=14|work=Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 - 1904)|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article161798342|access-date=2020-06-02}} and in 1897, visitors described "the eerie cry of the penguins" of Althorpe Island."" South Australian Register, South Australia (1897-01-11). Retrieved 2014-02-26.

The steep track from the jetty to the island's summit passes by a cave known as the "Penguin Hotel". In 1902, a visitor described the cave, writing "the whole of the interior was honey-combed by penguins."[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4896756 "THE LIGHTHOUSES. AN INTERESTING TRIP. No. 1."] The Advertiser, South Australia (1902-11-12). Retrieved 2014-02-16.

Little penguin breeding sites were noted in a 1996 survey of South Australia's offshore islands.{{Cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Tony|url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/5a7dbb25-70b9-4ceb-bbfd-a25800961994/offshore-islands-gen.pdf|title=South Australia's Offshore Islands|last2=Canty|first2=Peter|last3=Mooney|first3=Trish|last4=Rudduck|first4=Penny|publisher=Resource Management Branch, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, South Australia|year=1996|isbn=0-644-35011-3|location=South Australia}}

The little penguin (Eudyptula minor) colony on Althorpe Island appears to be in decline. This was initially inferred by contrasting historical accounts of their abundance with their relative scarcity, determined by a 2004 survey. In 2004, the population was 132 birds. In 2011, the colony was described as 'declining from “numerous” and “common” in 1982'.Wiebken, Annelise [http://www.amlrnrm.sa.gov.au/Portals/2/Coast/Reports/FINAL%20for%20web%20-%20penguin%20report%2013-9-11.pdf "Conservation management priorities for little penguin populations in Gulf St Vincent"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222182949/http://www.amlrnrm.sa.gov.au/Portals/2/Coast/Reports/FINAL%20for%20web%20-%20penguin%20report%2013-9-11.pdf |date=2014-02-22 }} SARDI (2011-06). Retrieved 2014-02-12. A survey conducted in 2013 estimated a population of 84 adult birds by counting burrow activity over half the island's breeding area.Colombelli-Négrel, D. & Kleindorfer, S. [http://www.naturalresources.sa.gov.au/files/66860d1b-7136-48ab-b71f-a27a00e37187/penguin-2011-rep.pdf Penguin monitoring and conservation activities in the Gulf St Vincent, July 2013 - July 2014, Report to the Adelaide and Mt Lofty Natural Resources Management Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213849/http://www.naturalresources.sa.gov.au/files/66860d1b-7136-48ab-b71f-a27a00e37187/penguin-2011-rep.pdf |date=2021-06-02 }}, Flinders University, South Australia (2014-04). Retrieved 2014-07-28. This survey's results support the previously inferred decline.

The Althorpe Islands with exception to those areas under the control of the Australian government first obtained protected area status as a fauna conservation reserve declared under the Crown Lands Act 1929-1966 on 16 March 1967.{{cite web|title=CROWN LANDS ACT, 1929-1966: FAUNA CONSERVATION RESERVES DEDICATED.|url=http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1967/11.pdf |website=THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT GAZETTE |publisher=Government of South Australia|access-date=5 February 2018|pages=961–962|date=16 March 1967}}

• List of little penguin colonies

{{Islands of South Australia |state=collapsed}}

Category:Islands of South Australia

Category:Investigator Strait

Category:Uninhabited islands of Australia

Category:Penguin colonies