Altohyrtin A
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| ImageFile = Altohyrtin A.svg
| ImageSize = 280
| ImageAlt = Chemical structure of altohyrtin A
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
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| PubChem = 6439494
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| ChemSpiderID = 8139269
| InChI = 1S/C63H95ClO21/c1-33(19-42(67)18-17-35(3)64)20-53-55(72)57-39(7)58(79-53)59(73)63(75)31-51(70)37(5)52(85-63)16-14-12-13-15-44-22-43(68)27-61(81-44)29-47(76-11)23-45(82-61)25-50(69)38(6)56(78-41(9)66)36(4)34(2)21-49-28-60(10,74)32-62(84-49)30-48(77-40(8)65)24-46(83-62)26-54(71)80-57/h13,15,17-18,36-39,42-49,51-53,55-59,67-68,70,72-75H,1-3,12,14,16,19-32H2,4-11H3/b15-13-,18-17+/t36-,37-,38-,39-,42-,43+,44+,45+,46-,47+,48+,49+,51+,52-,53-,55-,56+,57-,58-,59+,60+,61-,62-,63-/m1/s1
| InChIKey1 = ICXJVZHDZFXYQC-XKQUEHJYSA-N
| SMILES = C=C(C[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H]1OC(C[C@@H]2O[C@@]3(O[C@@H](CC([C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](C(C[C@H]4O[C@]5(C[C@@H](O)C[C@H](/C=C\CCC[C@H]6O[C@]7(O)C[C@H](O)[C@H]6C)O5)C[C@@H](OC)C4)=O)C)OC(C)=O)C)=C)C[C@@](O)(C)C3)C[C@@H](OC(C)=O)C2)=O)O[C@@]([C@@H]1C)([H])[C@@H]7O)C[C@H](O)/C=C/C(Cl)=C
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| C=63 | H=95 | Cl=1 | O=21
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|Section3={{Chembox Hazards
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Altohyrtin A (spongistatin 1, cinachyrolide A){{cite journal | last=Yeung | first=Kap-Sun | last2=Paterson | first2=Ian | title=Advances in the Total Synthesis of Biologically Important Marine Macrolides | journal=Chemical Reviews | publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) | volume=105 | issue=12 | date=2005-10-21 | issn=0009-2665 | doi=10.1021/cr040614c | pages=4237–4313}} is a polyether macrolide originally isolated from the Okinawan marine sponge Hyrtios altum by Kobayashi et al. in 1993,{{cite journal | last=Kobayashi | first=Motomasa | last2=Aoki | first2=Shunji | last3=Sakai | first3=Haruhiko | last4=Kawazoe | first4=Kazuyoshi | last5=Kihara | first5=Noriaki | last6=Sasaki | first6=Takuma | last7=Kitagawa | first7=Isao | title=Altohyrtin A, a potent anti-tumor macrolide from the Okinawan marine sponge Hyrtios altum | journal=Tetrahedron Letters | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=34 | issue=17 | year=1993 | issn=0040-4039 | doi=10.1016/s0040-4039(00)73564-7 | pages=2795–2798}} the Indian marine sponge Spongia sp. by Pettit et al. in 1993,{{cite journal | last=Pettit | first=George R. | last2=Chicacz | first2=Zbigniew A. | last3=Gao | first3=Feng | last4=Herald | first4=Cherry L. | last5=Boyd | first5=Michael R. | last6=Schmidt | first6=Jean M. | last7=Hooper | first7=John N. A. | title=Antineoplastic agents. 257. Isolation and structure of spongistatin 1 | journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry | publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) | volume=58 | issue=6 | year=1993 | issn=0022-3263 | doi=10.1021/jo00058a004 | pages=1302–1304}} and the Japanese marine sponge Cinachyra sp. by Fusetani et al. in 1993.{{cite journal | last=Fusetani | first=Nobuhiro | last2=Shinoda | first2=Katsumi | last3=Matsunaga | first3=Shigeki | title=Bioactive marine metabolites. 48. Cinachyrolide A: a potent cytotoxic macrolide possessing two spiro ketals from marine sponge Cinachyra sp | journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society | publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) | volume=115 | issue=10 | year=1993 | issn=0002-7863 | doi=10.1021/ja00063a017 | pages=3977–3981}} It has potent anti-cancer activity.
Mechanism of action
Altohyrtin A binds to the maytansine site on β-tubulin.{{cite journal | last=Menchon | first=Grégory | last2=Prota | first2=Andrea E. | last3=Lucena-Agell | first3=Daniel | last4=Bucher | first4=Pascal | last5=Jansen | first5=Rolf | last6=Irschik | first6=Herbert | last7=Müller | first7=Rolf | last8=Paterson | first8=Ian | last9=Díaz | first9=J. Fernando | last10=Altmann | first10=Karl-Heinz | last11=Steinmetz | first11=Michel O. | title=A fluorescence anisotropy assay to discover and characterize ligands targeting the maytansine site of tubulin | journal=Nature Communications | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=9 | issue=1 | date=2018-05-29 | issn=2041-1723 | doi=10.1038/s41467-018-04535-8 | doi-access=free | page=| pmc=5974090 }}
Biosynthesis
While a producer organism for Altohyrtin A has never been isolated in pure culture, the structural features of Altohyrtin A, such as the 'odd-even' rule of methylation, and the abundance of oxygen heterocycles, suggest it is a product of dinoflagellate polyether metabolism.{{cite journal | last=Van Wagoner | first=Ryan M. | last2=Satake | first2=Masayuki | last3=Wright | first3=Jeffrey L. C. | title=Polyketide biosynthesis in dinoflagellates: what makes it different? | journal=Natural Product Reports | publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) | volume=31 | issue=9 | date=2014-06-16 | issn=0265-0568 | doi=10.1039/c4np00016a | page=1101}} Alternatively, it may be a bacterial natural product.