Aluminaut

Reynolds Metals was an early developer and manufacturer of aluminium products, including aluminium buses and other aluminium motor vehicles.[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Alcoa-Inc-Company-History.html Alcoa, Inc. company history].

Reynolds Metals designed and built the Aluminaut as an experiment. The concept of an aluminum submarine was developed at Reynolds during World War II in 1942 by executive vice president Julian "Louis" Reynolds, a son of the founder. Louis Reynolds led the foil division, which accounted for 65% of the company's sales before the war.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C802839%2C00.html |title=Rosy Reynolds |magazine=Time |date=July 5, 1943 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214160544/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,802839,00.html |archive-date=December 14, 2008}} Reynolds Metals also played an active role in the U.S. war effort.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C830674%2C00.html |title=Aluminaut & Aqucmauts |magazine=Time |date=September 11, 1964 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930095508/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830674,00.html |archive-date=September 30, 2007}}[http://www.answers.com/topic/reynolds-metals-company Answers.com].

In 1964, Reynolds had the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics in Groton, Connecticut, build the world's first aluminum submarine. The submersible was operated by subsidiary Reynolds Submarine Services Corporation, based in Miami, Florida. Compared to many deep-sea vessels, Aluminaut was large. It weighed 80 tons and could accommodate a crew of three and three to four scientists. It had four view ports, active and passive sonar, manipulators, side-scan sonar, and a capacity of {{convert|6000|lb|kg}} of payload.[http://www.smv.org/exhibitions/permanent/aluminaut.asp Aluminaut] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501151851/http://www.smv.org/exhibitions/permanent/aluminaut.asp |date=May 1, 2007 }} at SMV.

For flexibility, it was outfitted for many types of oceanographic and salvage missions. In September 1964, Time magazine reported on the vehicle's unique specifications, stating that its {{convert|51|ft|m|adj=on}} hull consists of 11 forged cylinders. Aluminum's strength-to-weight ratio exceeds that of steel, so Aluminaut{{'s}} {{convert|6.5|in|mm|adj=mid|-thick}} shell could withstand pressures of {{convert|7500|psi|MPa|sigfig=2}} at the sub's {{convert|17000|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} maximum diving range.

The Aluminaut was designed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. A full-scale wooden mock-up was built to engineer the interior spaces. The project was classified as top-secret at that time.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} At that time it did not have a conning tower entry and it immediately flooded and sank.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} The tower entry was designed and added and in the first test, the submarine turned upside down.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} It was thought at that time that the design was impractical and was almost scrapped.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

A one-sixteenth scale model of the final design was built in 1960 and run through stability and pressure tests.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

{{further|1966 Palomares B-52 crash}}

File:1966 Palomares B-52 crash - recovered H-bomb.jpg was displayed by U.S. Navy officials on the fantail of the submarine rescue ship U.S.S. Petrel after it was located in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Spain at a depth of {{nowrap|762 meters}} and recovered in April 1966]]

The Aluminaut soon became useful during an incident with potentially major implications. On January 17, 1966, a 1.45-megaton-of-TNT equivalent thermonuclear bomb (Teller–Ulam design) was lost in the Mediterranean Sea during a United States Air Force collision over Palomares, Spain.

Seven crew members were killed in the mid-air crash of a B-52 bomber and a KC-135 refueling plane. The crash dropped three thermonuclear bombs on the land, and one in the sea. Although the others were quickly located, the bomb which had fallen into the ocean could not be located promptly.[http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/this_day_in_history/this_day_January_17.php This Day in History, January 17th] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502124953/http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/this_day_in_history/this_day_January_17.php |date=May 2, 2007 }}: The History Channel.

The U.S. Navy responded to the coast off Spain with an 18-ship, 2,200-man recovery task force under Admiral William S. "Wild Bill" Guest. In addition to military ships, the civilian-crewed Aluminaut and deep-sea submersible Alvin were both used to respond to this urgent situation as part of the task force, along with other specialized equipment. Once on site, Aluminaut and Alvin searched the ocean depths to locate and recover the submerged bomb. For eighty days the search went on, straining the U.S. relationship with Spain, and giving Soviet propagandists what Time magazine described as "a rich fallout of anti-American gibes".{{ cite web | date = April 15, 1966 | access-date = May 30, 2007 | title = Untitled Time Archive article | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,835345-1,00.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090911161015/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,835345-1,00.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = September 11, 2009 }}

The bomb was found by Alvin resting nearly {{convert|910|m|ft|sigfig=2}} below the surface, and was raised intact on April 7, 1966.[http://www.brook.edu/fp/projects/nucwcost/palomares.htm Palomares] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614134038/http://www.brook.edu/FP/projects/nucwcost/palomares.htm |date=June 14, 2007 }}, Brook.[http://classicdivebooks.customer.netspace.net.au/oeclassics-oceanography.html Classic Dive Books].[http://www.ukdivers.net/history/oceans.htm UK Divers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611121414/http://ukdivers.net/history/oceans.htm |date=June 11, 2007 }}. Admiral Guest allowed it to be photographed by the news media, allowing the world at large its first peek at a thermonuclear bomb as it sat secured on the fantail of the {{convert|2100|LT|t|adj=on}} submarine rescue ship USS Petrel.

{{main article|DSV Alvin#Sinking}}

Although both were put into service in 1964, the smaller Alvin was to have a much longer life. As of 2023, the Alvin is still in active service, operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.{{cite web |title= History of Alvin|url=http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=10737|work=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution|date= December 2014|access-date= January 13, 2016}} Yet Aluminaut proved vital to Alvin in 1969.

In October 1968, Alvin was being transported aboard the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution tender ship Lulu. Lulu was a vessel created from a pair of decommissioned U.S. Navy pontoon boats with a support structure. While Alvin was being lowered over the side of Lulu on October 16, 1968, two steel cables snapped with three crew members aboard and the hatch open. Situated between the pontoons with no deck underneath, Alvin entered the water and rapidly began to sink. The three crew members managed to escape, but Alvin sank in {{convert|1500|m|ft|sigfig=2}} of water."[http://www.essmnavy.net/SALVOPS%2069.pdf Salvops 69] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008005946/http://www.essmnavy.net/SALVOPS%2069.pdf |date=2011-10-08 }}", "A review of significant salvage operations conducted by U.S. Navy salvage forces and other salvage activities during 1969", pp. 1-18, Department of the Navy, Naval Ship Systems Command, Washington, D.C.

In September 1969, Aluminaut was used to secure lines and a net to the Alvin, which was located, intact, almost a mile beneath the surface.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A798230 BBC]. Alvin was then hauled to the surface by USS Mizar. Lunches left aboard Alvin were found to be soggy but edible, a fact which was tested when a preserved cheese sandwich was nibbled upon by one of the crew. This incident led to a more comprehensive understanding that near-freezing temperatures and the lack of decaying oxygen at depth aided preservation. Alvin required a major overhaul after the incident.[http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=7541 WHOI].

Aluminaut did other work for the U.S. Navy, recovering a {{convert|2100|lb|kg|adj=on}} current array torpedo at the Navy's acoustic testing facility in the Bahamas. It helped make films for Jacques Cousteau and Ivan Tors Studios. Depths up to {{convert|6000|ft|m}} were reached while surveying for the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office.[http://hnsa.org/ships/aluminaut.htm Aluminaut] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070414151712/http://www.hnsa.org/ships/aluminaut.htm |date=April 14, 2007 }}, HNSA.

The Aluminaut was retired in 1970. It was donated by Reynolds Metals Company to the Science Museum of Virginia in Richmond, Virginia, where it is on display at the Garner Pavilion. However, the submersible continues to be maintained in case it needs to be returned to active service.

• {{annotated link|Black smoker}}
• {{annotated link|Hydrothermal vent}}
• {{annotated link|Mid-ocean ridge}}

{{reflist}}

• [http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830674,00.html "Aluminaut & Aquanauts"]. Time. September 11, 1964.

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Category:Deep-submergence vehicles

Category:Maritime incidents in 1968

Category:Museum ships in Virginia

Category:Museums in Richmond, Virginia

Category:1964 ships