Amalaka
{{short description|Stone disk on the top of a Hindu temple's main tower}}
File:Khajuraho Devi Jagadambi Temple 2010 (cropped).jpg at Khajuraho]]
File:Bhubneshwar Siddheshwar Mukteshwar Group Temple.jpg]]
An amalaka ({{langx|sa|आमलक}}), is a segmented or notched stone disk, usually with ridges on the rim, that sits on the top of a Hindu temple's shikhara or main tower. According to one interpretation, the amalaka represents a lotus, and thus the symbolic seat for the deity below. Another interpretation is that it symbolizes the sun, and is thus the gateway to the heavenly world.{{cite web |url=http://personal.carthage.edu/jlochtefeld/picturepages/Khajuraho/architecture.html#Amalaka |title=Khajuraho Architecture |publisher=Personal.carthage.edu |date=2006-01-12 |accessdate=2012-08-09 |archive-date=2016-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302071937/http://personal.carthage.edu/jlochtefeld/picturepages/Khajuraho/architecture.html#Amalaka |url-status=dead }}; Kramrisch, 348-356
The name and, according to some sources the shape, of the amalaka comes from the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica (or Mirobalanus embilica),Harle, 54; Kramrisch, 356 the Indian gooseberry, or myrobolan fig tree. This is called āmalaki in Sanskrit, and the fruit has a slightly segmented shape, though this is much less marked than in the architectural shape.Kramrisch, 354-355
The amalaka itself is crowned with a kalasam or finial,Kramrisch, 350, 355 from which a temple banner is often hung.
History
File:Door Desavatara Deogarh.jpg, Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh ]]
The shape first appears (or survives) as an element in the capitals of columns around the time of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE,Harle, 54 recurring in some capitals of the 1st century CE. In some of these, as at the Great Chaitya at the Karla Caves, and the verandahs to Caves 3, 10 and 17 at the Pandavleni Caves, the amalaka is "boxed" with a rectangular framework cage.Harle, 54-55; Kramrisch, 352-353
The oldest representation of an Amalaka as the base for the kalasha is seen in a door jamb at the Dahshavatara temple at Deogarh, dated to about 500 AD.[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250039?seq=26#metadata_info_tab_contents Prāsāda as Palace: Kūṭina Origins of the Nāgara Temple, Michael W. Meister, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 49, No. 3/4 (1988 - 1989), pp. 254-280] Amalakas appear to have been common at the top of shikhara by the Gupta period, though no originals remain in place. They were to remain standard in most of India, in the Nagara and Kalinga architecture styles of the west and east respectively, but not in the Dravidian architecture of South India.Harle, 111, 140, 166; Kramrisch, 348, 352 Some early temples in the Deccan, such as the 7th-century Lakshamana temple in brick at Sirpur, have amalakas at the corners of some level of the shikhara (but not, as it survives, at the top in the usual way).Harle, 166
Symbolism
Like other parts of Hindu temple architecture, there is a large body of symbolic and mystical interpretation around the amalaka. It is seen as a ring gripping and embracing a notional pillar that rises from the main cult image of the deity below it in the sanctum, and reaches up to heaven through the top of the temple.Kramrisch, 348-356. Only a small part of this is summarized here.
File:A sculptured stone in Durga Temple Complex.jpg|Detached amalaka stone of the Durga Temple, Aihole, 7th century
File:054 Cave 17, Pillars and Inscription (33811675492).jpg|"Boxed" amalakas in the capitals outside Cave 17, Pandavleni Caves, 2nd-3rd century CE
File:014 Columns and Capitals (32849694414).jpg|"Boxed" amalakas in the capitals, Bedse Caves
File:Laxman Temple1 (cropped).JPG|Corner amalakas at the 7th-century Lakshamana temple in brick at Sirpur
File:Image ank.JPG|7-12th century temples at Jageshwar, Uttarakhand. In some of them the amalakas are boxed to hold a roof.
File:8th century Galaganatha temple, Pattadakal monuments Karnataka 5 (cropped).jpg|Early, rounded, amalaka, with squared amalakas at the corners below, 8th century. Galaganatha Temple, Pattadakal, Karnataka
Notes
{{reflist|30em}}
References
- Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
- Kramrisch, Stella, The Hindu Temple, Volume 2, 1996 (originally 1946), {{ISBN|8120802225}}, 9788120802223, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC google books]
External links
{{Commons category|Amalaka}}
- [http://personal.carthage.edu/jlochtefeld/picturepages/Khajuraho/architecture.html Khajuraho Architecture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302071937/http://personal.carthage.edu/jlochtefeld/picturepages/Khajuraho/architecture.html |date=2016-03-02 }}
Category:Hindu temple architecture
Category:Architectural elements