Amelio Robles Ávila

{{Infobox person

| name = Amelio Robles Ávila

| image = Amelio Robles Ávila.jpg

| alt = Photo of Robles from a newspaper leaning against a chair with a cigarette in his hand

| caption = Robles in 1915

| birth_name = Amelia Robles Ávila

| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1889|11|3}}

| birth_place = Xochipala, Guerrero, Mexico

| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1984|12|9|1889|11|3}}

| death_place = Xochipala, Guerrero, Mexico

| spouse = Ángela Torres

| nationality =

| occupation =

| years_active =

| known_for =

| notable_works =

}}

Amelio Robles Ávila (3 November 1889 – 9 December 1984) was a colonel during the Mexican Revolution. Assigned female at birth, Robles lived openly as a man from age 24 until his death at age 95.{{Cite web |last=Losser |first=Sheryl |date=2023-04-26 |title=Long after the Revolution's end, a trans soldier fought for recognition |url=https://mexiconewsdaily.com/culture/long-after-revolutions-end-trans-soldier-foght-for-recognition/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Mexico News Daily |language=en-US}}

Early life

Robles was born Amelia Robles Ávila on 3 November 1889 in Xochipala, Guerrero to Casimiro Robles and Josefa Ávila.Edith Pérez Abarca, Amelia Robles: revolucionaria zapatista del sur (2007), page 25.Horacio Legrás, Culture and Revolution: Violence, Memory, and the Making of Modern Mexico (2017, {{ISBN|1477311734}}), page 91.Laura Espejel López (2000), p. 305. Robles had two older siblings Teódulo and Prisca.

Casimiro was a wealthy farmer who owned 42 hectares of land and a small mezcal factory. Robles was three years old when Casimiro died,Edith Pérez Abarca (2007), page 28. and a few years later Josefa married Jesús Martinez, one of the ranch workers who took care of the livestock. Josefa and Jesús had three more children, Luis, Concepción and Jesús Martínez Ávila. They raised the children in the Catholic religion. Robles studied until the fourth grade at the school for young ladies in Chilpancingo.Laura Espejel López (2000), p. 306.

From a young age, Robles showed an interest in activities that were considered masculine, learning to tame horses and handling weapons, and becoming an excellent marksman and rider. Before joining the army, he was treasurer in a Maderistas club in Xochipala.

Army life

Robles joined the army in 1911 or 1912,David Pérez López, Historias cercanas (relatos ignorados de la frontera) (2004), page 125. perhaps when General Juan Andreu Almazán passed through Xochipala in 1911 as pressure mounted against Porfirio Díaz to resign as president.{{cn|date=November 2019}}

Between August and November 1911, Robles was sent to the Gulf of Mexico on a commission in order to obtain money from oil companies for the revolutionary cause. Two years later, Robles began to dress as a man and demanded to be treated as such.{{cite web |author=Lydia Zárate |date=13 September 2016 |title=Amelio Robles, coronel transgénero de la Revolución mexicana |url=http://www.pikaramagazine.com/2016/09/amelio-robles-coronel-transgenero-de-la-revolucion-mexicana/ |accessdate=2017-12-13 |publisher=Pikara Magazine}} (Robles was not alone as a person assigned female presenting as male in the Mexican army at the time. Maria de la Luz Barrera and Ángel(a) Jiménez also adopted male identities during the war.){{Cite journal|last=Cano|first=Gabriela|date=2009-01-01 |title=Amelio Robles, andar de soldado viejo. Masculinidad (trangénero) en la Revolución Mexicana|jstor=42625542|journal=Debate Feminista|volume=39|pages=14–39|doi=10.22201/cieg.2594066xe.2009.39.1417|doi-broken-date=29 January 2025 |doi-access=free}} From 1913 to 1918, Robles fought as "el coronel Robles" with the Zapatistas under the command of Jesús H. Salgado, {{ill|Heliodoro Castillo|es}}, and {{ill|Encarnación Díaz|es}}. Robles gained the respect of peers and superiors as a capable military leader, and was eventually given his own command.

In 1919, some time after Emiliano Zapata was killed, Robles and 315 men under his command joined the forces of Alvaro Obregón, and in 1920 fought with them in the Agua Prieta Revolt which brought an end to the government of Venustiano Carranza. In 1924, Robles supported General Alvaro Obregón against the Delahuertist rebellion under the command of General Adrian Castrejón, where the Delahuertista general {{ill|Marcial Cavazos|es}} died and Robles was hurt.{{cn|date=November 2019}}

Following the military phase of the Revolution, Robles supported revolutionary general Álvaro Obregón when the latter was president of Mexico in 1920–1924; Robles fought with Obregón's forces to put down the 1923 rebellion of Adolfo de la Huerta. When Robles settled in Iguala for a time after the revolution, a group of men are said to have attacked him wanting to reveal his anatomy; he killed two in self-defense.Gabriela Cano, Unconcealable Realities of Desire, in Sex in Revolution: Gender, Politics, and Power in Modern Mexico (2007, {{ISBN|0822388448}}), ed. by Mary Kay Vaughan, Gabriela Cano, Jocelyn H. Olcott, page 45. In 1939 he supported Almazán in the presidential election.

In 1948, Robles received the medical certificate required to officially enter the Confederation of Veterans of the Revolution.{{cite web|url=http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/graficos/pdf09/kiosko/paginasDeCano.pdf|title=Inocultables Realidades del Deseo: Amelio Robles, masculinidad (transgénero) en la Revolución mexicana|author=Gabriela Cano|date=27 November 2009|accessdate=2017-12-30|archive-date=2022-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629175948/https://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/graficos/pdf09/kiosko/paginasDeCano.pdf|url-status=dead}} The medical revision confirmed that Robles had received six bullet wounds.

Awards

In 1970, the Mexican Secretary of National Defense recognized Robles as a veteran (veterano) of the Revolution.{{cite web |author= |title=Editarán la biografía de la coronela revolucinaria Amelia Robles |url=http://suracapulco.mx/cultura/editaran-la-biografia-de-la-coronela-revolucionaria-amelia-robles/ |date=23 April 2003 |website=El Sur |publisher=Información del Sur, SA |accessdate=2018-01-20 |archive-date=2017-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214075202/http://suracapulco.mx/cultura/editaran-la-biografia-de-la-coronela-revolucionaria-amelia-robles/ |url-status=dead }} Toward the end of his life, Robles received various decorations acknowledging distinguished military service: a decoration as a veteran of the Mexican Revolution, and the Mexican Legion of Honor; in 1973 or 1974, Robles was also decorated with the Revolutionary Merit award (Medalla al mérito revolucionario).

Personal life and death

Robles met Ángela Torres in Apipilulco in the 1930s, and they later married. They adopted a daughter together, Regula Robles Torres.{{cite web|url=http://www.actitudfem.com/entorno/genero/lgbt/la-coronela-es-un-hombre-y-sin-embargo-nacio-mujer|title=La Coronela es un hombre y, sin embargo, nació mujer|author=Laura Martínez Alarcón|date=7 March 2016|publisher=Actitud Fem|language=es|accessdate=2017-12-30}} Horacio Legrás says that both later became estranged from Robles.

On his deathbed Robles supposedly made two requests, to receive honors for his military service and to be dressed as a woman in order to commend his soul to God.{{cite web |last=Cárdenas Trueba |first=Olga |title=Amelia Robles Avila, 1889 - 1984 |website=bibliotecas.tv |date=2010-11-20 |url=https://www.bibliotecas.tv/zapata/zapatistas/amelia_robles.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628160129/https://www.bibliotecas.tv/zapata/zapatistas/amelia_robles.html |archive-date=2021-06-28 |url-status=dead}} Extracted from: {{cite book |last=Espejel López |first=Laura |title=Estudios sobre el zapatismo |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia |publication-place=México, D.F. |date=2000 |isbn=970-18-4184-0 |oclc=48797560 |language=es |pages=303–319 |ref=none}}{{cite web|url=http://www.zocalo.com.mx/new_site/articulo/la-coronela-de-zapata-1457793642|title=La Coronela de Zapata que luchó por ser reconocida como Coronel|author=Agencias|date=|access-date=2018-01-01|archive-date=2018-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101201425/http://www.zocalo.com.mx/new_site/articulo/la-coronela-de-zapata-1457793642|url-status=dead}} Neither request was ever confirmed to be true, and Robles had already received several military honors. Furthermore, Robles's death certificate notes that he lost the ability to speak more than a year before dying.{{cite web|url=http://www.guerrero.gob.mx/actas/defuncion/index.php|title=Datos de acta de defuncion|language=es|publisher=State of Guerrero|accessdate=2018-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108010058/http://guerrero.gob.mx/actas/defuncion/index.php|archive-date=2017-01-08|url-status=dead}} To use the page: Nombre: Amelio; apellido paterno: Robles; apellido materno: Avila (without accent as it will mark an error); sexo: masculino; fecha de nacimiento: left blank; fecha de defunción: 09/12/1984.

Robles died 9 December 1984, aged 95.Laura Espejel López (2000), p. 319.

Gender identity and legacy

According to historian Gabriela Cano Ortega, Robles adopted a male identity not as a survival strategy but because of a strong desire to be a man.Oswaldo Estrada, Troubled Memories: Iconic Mexican Women and the Traps of Representation (2018, {{ISBN|1438471912}}), page 180: "Others, such as Amelia Robles, became true transgendered subjects over the course of the revolution and defined themselves as men for the rest of their lives." Robles's male identity was accepted by family, society, and the Mexican government, and Robles lived as a man from the age of 24 until his death. According to a former neighbor, if anyone called Robles a woman or {{lang|es|Doña}} (an honorific for women, similar to English Lady), he would threaten them with a pistol. Robles has therefore been described by historians as transgender.Katherine Crawford, Eunuchs and Castrati: Disability and Normativity in Early Modern Europe (2018, {{ISBN|1351166352}}), page 10.

Robles is documented using both the masculine and feminine versions of his name and pronouns. Robles is both commemorated as a male hero of the Mexican revolution and iconized as a female warrior.{{Cite book |url=http://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/women-warriors-and-national-heroes-global-histories |title=Women Warriors and National Heroes: Global Histories |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-350-12113-3 |doi=10.5040/9781350140301.ch-010|s2cid=214264218 }}

A public school was named after him using the masculine version of his name, confirming the official recognition of his identity by the local government. His tombstone bears the feminine version of his name and there is a museum in Xochipala celebrating "Coronela Amelia Robles", recognizing him as a "woman fighter".

A 1951 children's book entitled El Coyote: Corrido de la Revolución creates an image of "La Coronela Amelia Robles" through both visual and written elements.

The image of Robles in his uniform was drawn on as inspiration for a section of a drag performance depicting soldaderas.{{Cite journal |last=Slaughter |first=Stephany |date=2011 |title=Queering the Memory of the Mexican Revolution: Cabaret as a Space for Contesting National Memory |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23021843 |journal=Letras Femeninas |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=47–70 |jstor=23021843 |issn=0277-4356}}

Amelio Robles Ávila

Early life

Army life

Awards

Personal life and death

Gender identity and legacy

See also

References

Further reading