American Society for Psychical Research

File:Founders of the ASPR.png

It was William Fletcher Barrett's visit to America that ultimately led to the formation of the American Society for Psychical Research in December, 1884.Fichman, Martin. (2004). An Elusive Victorian: The Evolution of Alfred Russel Wallace. University of Chicago Press. p. 111. {{ISBN|0-226-24613-2}} Barrett was invited by several members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He persuaded intellectuals such as Edward Charles Pickering, Simon Newcomb, Alexander Graham Bell, Henry Pickering Bowditch and William James that the claims of psychical phenomena should be investigated scientifically.

The first meetings of the society were held in the rooms of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.Ferrari, Michel. The Varieties of Religious Experience: Centenary Essays. Imprint Academic. pp. 19–20. {{ISBN|0-907845-26-6}} The founding members who were also the first Vice-Presidents were G. Stanley Hall, George Stuart Fullerton, Edward Charles Pickering, Henry Pickering Bowditch and Charles Sedgwick Minot.James, William. (1986). Essays in Psychical Research. Harvard University Press. p. 381. {{ISBN|0-674-26708-7}} Other founding members were Alpheus Hyatt, N. D. C. Hodges, William James and Samuel Hubbard Scudder.[https://archive.org/stream/americanjournal333unkngoog#page/n95/mode/2up "Miscellaneous Intelligence"]. American Journal of Science. 1885, p. 83. "The Committee appointed consists of nine gentleman, viz: G. Stanley Hall (Chairman), E. C. Pickering, William James, Alpheus Hyatt, Samuel H. Scudder, H. P. Bowditch, C. S. Minot, William Watson, N. D. C. Hodges (Secretary)." The mathematician Simon Newcomb was the first President.Taylor, Eugene. (2009). The Mystery of Personality: A History of Psychodynamic Theories. Springer. p. 30. {{ISBN|978-0-387-98103-1}}

Other early members included the psychologists James Mark Baldwin, Joseph Jastrow, and Christine Ladd-Franklin.Clegg, Joshua W. Self-Observation in the Social Sciences. Transaction Publishers. p. 53. {{ISBN|978-1-4128-4949-4}} "The American Society for Psychical Research (ASPR), which James helped found in 1884, was initially populated by a number of early psychologists. These included James's student G. Stanley Hall, as well as James Mark Baldwin, Joseph Jastrow, and Christine Ladd-Franklin."Pickren, Wade; Rutherford, Alexandra. (2010). A History of Modern Psychology in Context. Wiley. {{ISBN|978-0-470-27609-9}} "Psychologists Hall, Baldwin, Joseph Jastrow, and Christine Ladd-Franklin... had dropped their affiliation by 1890." Initial research findings were discouraging.Misiroglu, Gina. (2015). American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History. Routledge. p. 244. {{ISBN|978-0-7656-8060-0}} "The American Society took a more skeptical view of psychic phenomena than did its British counterpart, and, led by prominent men of science, was more open to mundane explanations. Still, initial research findings were disappointing, and the interest of many scientific members waned. Under the direction of nonscientists, the ASPR languished for many years." By 1890, members such as Baldwin, Hall, Jastrow and Ladd-Franklin had resigned from the society. Hall and Jastrow became outspoken critics of parapsychology.Kurtz, Paul. (1985). A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology. Prometheus Books. p. 551. {{ISBN|978-0-87975-300-9}} Morton Prince and James Jackson Putnam left the ASPR in 1892 to form the American Psychological Association.Ward, Steven. (2002). Modernizing the Mind: Psychological Knowledge and the Remaking of Society.Praeger. pp. 43–44. {{ISBN|978-0-275-97450-3}}

Richard Hodgson joined the ASPR in 1887 to serve as its secretary.Rosemary Guiley. (1994). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits. Guinness Publishing. p. 164. {{ISBN|978-0-85112-748-4}} In 1889, Fullerton, James and Josiah Royce were Vice-Presidents and Samuel Pierpont Langley served as President. In 1889, a financial crisis forced the ASPR to become a branch of the Society for Psychical Research, and Simon Newcomb and others left.Deborah Blum. (2006). Ghost Hunters: William James and the Search for Scientific Proof of Life After Death. Penguin Books. {{ISBN|978-0-14-303895-5}} Following the death of Hodgson in 1905 it achieved independence once more.Mauskopf, Seymour. (1982). Psychical Research in America. In Ivor Grattan-Guinness. Psychical Research: A Guide to Its History, Principles & Practices. Aquarian Press. {{ISBN|978-0-85030-316-2}}

In 1906, James H. Hyslop took up the position as secretary of the recreated organization, with the work being done at his residence in New York City. He once wrote his son, "My work is missionary, not mercenary." The intended name for the new organization was, "The American Institute for Scientific Research" which Hyslop had organized into two sections for the investigation of two separate fields: "A" was to deal with psychopathology or abnormal psychology.{{cite journal|last1=Hyslop|first1=James|title=Editorial|journal=Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research|date=1907|pages=1, 38}} Its Section "B" was to be concerned with what Hyslop called "supernormal psychology" or parapsychology. Section "A" never got off the ground. But Section "B" became the new and reorganized ASPR. One of the Institute's aims was to organize and endow investigations into telepathy, clairvoyance, mediumship, and kinetic phenomena. This work was to be carried out by "B." The society remained in New York, where it remains as of 2015. During this period the ASPR was heavily involved in the investigation of medium Leonora Piper about whom William James would famously declare in 1890: "To upset the conclusion that all crows are black, there is no need to seek demonstration that no crow is black; it is sufficient to produce one white crow; a single one is sufficient." Since his proclamation of Piper as his "one White Crow", the concept of the single "White Crow" has become a cliché in psychical re-search.{{cite book|last1=Melton|first1=J. Gordon|title=Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology|date=2001|publisher=Gale Group, Inc.|location=Farmington Hills, MI|page=822|edition=5th}}

After evaluating sixty-nine reports of Piper's mediumship William James considered the hypothesis of telepathy as well as Piper obtaining information about her sitters by natural means such as her memory recalling information. According to James the "spirit-control" hypothesis of her mediumship was "somewhat incoherent, ambiguous, irrelevant, and, in some cases, demonstrably false—at best only circumstantial."Francesca Bordogna. (2008). William James at the Boundaries: Philosophy, Science, and the Geography of Knowledge. University Of Chicago Press. p. 127. {{ISBN|978-0-226-06652-3}} However, G. Stanley Hall believed Piper's mediumship had an entirely naturalistic explanation and no telepathy was involved. Hall and Amy Tanner, who observed some of the trances, explained the phenomena in terms of the subconscious mind harboring various personalities that pretended to be spirits or controls. In their view, Piper had subconsciously absorbed information that she later regurgitated as messages from "spirits" in her trances.Amy Tanner. (1910). [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028952153#page/n5/mode/2up Studies in Spiritism]. New York: Appleton.

On June 20, 1906, the ASPR had 170 members and by the end of November 1907, it had 677.Arthur Berger. (1988). Lives and Letters in American Parapsychology: A Biographical History, 1850–1987. McFarland & Company. pp. 51–55 {{ISBN|978-0-89950-345-5}} Hereward Carrington became a member of the ASPR in 1907 and an assistant to James Hyslop until 1908, during which time he established his reputation as an ASPR investigator. However his connection with the ASPR ceased due to lack of funds. Carrington was the author the book The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism which exposed the tricks of fraudulent mediums.Hereward Carrington. (1907). [https://archive.org/stream/physicalphenomen00carr#page/n7/mode/2up The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism]. Herbert B. Turner & Co. According to Arthur Conan Doyle, Carrington was not popular with spiritualists.Massimo Polidoro. (2001). Final Séance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle. Prometheus Books. p. 143. {{ISBN|978-1-57392-896-0}}

James Hyslop died in 1920, and immediately strife broke out between the membership as the Society divided into two factions, one broadly pro-Spiritualism, indeed often Spiritualists, and the other 'conservative' faction favoring telepathy and skeptical of 'discarnate spirits' as an explanation for the phenomena studied, or simply skeptical of the phenomena's existence.Clément Chéroux. (2005). The Perfect Medium: Photography and the Occult. Yale University Press. pp. 217-234

{{ISBN|978-0-300-11136-1}} In 1923 a prominent Spiritualist, Frederick Edwards, was appointed President, and the conservative faction led by Gardner Murphy and Walter Franklin Prince declared that the Society was becoming less academic.Rosemary Guiley. (1994). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits. Guinness Publishing. pp. 48–50. {{ISBN|978-0-85112-748-4}} In the same year the ASPR lost 108 members.David Hess. (1993). Science In The New Age: The Paranormal, Its Defenders & Debunkers, (Science & Literature). University of Wisconsin Press. p. 25. {{ISBN|978-0-299-13824-0}} "A sharp divide between Spiritualists and psychical researchers had already occurred in 1923, when pro-Spiritualist forces gained control of the American Society for Psychical Research (ASPR), ousted President William McDougall, and demoted Hyslop's chosen successor, the psychologist Walter Franklin Prince, who resigned in 1925. The ASPR lost 108 members in 1923, and the controversy over the claimed physical effects of the medium named "Margery" sealed the division." New members joined the society and William McDougall a past President and Prince both became alarmed at the number of "credulous spiritualists" that joined the ASPR.Robert Laurence Moore. (1977). In Search of White Crows: Spiritualism, Parapsychology, and American Culture. Oxford University Press. p. 176. {{ISBN|978-0-19-502259-9}}

In 1925 Edwards was reappointed President, and his support of the mediumistic claims of 'Margery' (Mina Crandon) led to the 'conservative' faction leaving and forming the rival Boston Society for Psychical Research in May, 1925. From this point on the ASPR remained highly sympathetic to Spiritualism until 1941, when the Boston Society for Psychical Research was reintegrated into the ASPR.

The Boston Society for Psychical Research (BSPR) was founded in April 1925 by former research officer Walter Franklin Prince of the ASPR. Other founding members were William McDougall, Lydia W. Allison and Elwood Worcester. They were alarmed by the ASPR support for the purported medium Margery (Mina Crandon) and suppressing any reports unfavourable to her.Williams, William F. (2000). Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy. Routledge. p. 40. {{ISBN|1-57958-207-9}}

Joseph Banks Rhine claimed to have observed Crandon in fraud in a séance in 1926. According to Rhine during the séance she was free from control and kicked a megaphone to give the impression it was levitating.Massimo Polidoro. (2001). Final Séance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle. Prometheus Books. pp. 202–203. {{ISBN|978-1-57392-896-0}} Rhine's report that documented the fraud was refused by the ASPR, so he published in it in the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. In response, defenders of Crandon attacked Rhine. Arthur Conan Doyle published an article in a Boston Newspaper claiming "J. B. Rhine is an Ass."

There was a significant split in the history of American psychical research: the American Society for Psychical Research had become dominated by those sympathetic to Spiritualism; the Boston Society favored a naturalistic explanation (such as telepathy; yet telepathy within the laws of undiscovered physics) for purported mediumship and was critical of the purported mediumship of Mina Crandon in particular. Under President Walter Franklin Prince it organised the investigation of Mina during the Scientific American Prize dispute, and Harry Houdini worked with the group. BSPR investigators were involved in the uncovering of the alleged fraud of Mina Crandon—including a number of revelations often credited to Harry Houdini, but actually discovered by other BSPR members. In 1923, Prince described the Crandon case as "the most ingenious, persistent, and fantastic complex of fraud in the history of psychic research."C. E. M. Hansel. (1989). The Search for Psychic Power: ESP and Parapsychology Revisited. Prometheus Books. p. 245. {{ISBN|978-0-87975-533-1}} The BSPR fell into obscurity following exposure of Mina Crandon, and was formally reincorporated into the American Society for Psychical Research in 1941.Thomas Tietze. (1973). Margery. Harper & Row. {{ISBN|978-0-06-068235-4}}

In 1934 the BSPR published Extrasensory PerceptionJoseph Banks Rhine. (1934) Extra-Sensory Perception. Boston: Boston Society for Psychic Research. by their member Joseph Banks Rhine, who introduced the term ESP to English, and the methodology of modern parapsychology, with its quantitative research and laboratory based approach, as distinct from the older psychical research.

In 2020, the Supreme Court of the State of New York brought a foreclosure case against the ASPR with regard to the mortgaged property at 5 West 73rd Street, New York, and a judge ordered the building sold at auction. As reported in this story, the building was eventually sold in June 2024 for $11.75 million, which Ruffles and Conrad indicated was less than the sum of the ASPR’s obligations. The author of the Skeptical Inquirer article indicated that the ASPR had all but completely collapsed.

Today, the ASPR website is a shell of its former self. It lists a phone number and a new address, which turns out to be a rented mailbox at Manhattan Express Shipping on Columbus Avenue in New York. The website still accepts credit card payments for various levels of “membership,” which Vyse says he does not recommend since the organization appears to be in chaos.

Image:PSM V78 D628 Henry Pickering Bowditch.png|Henry Pickering Bowditch

Image:G. Stanley Hall.jpg|G. Stanley Hall

Image:PSM V55 D469 Alpheus Hyatt.png|Alpheus Hyatt

Image:William James b1842c.jpg|William James

Image:CharlesMinot BSNH Proceedings1920.png|Charles Sedgwick Minot

Image:Simon Newcomb 01.jpg|Simon Newcomb

Image:Edward Charles Pickering 1880s.jpg|Edward Charles Pickering

Image:Samuel Hubbard Scudder 1837-1911.jpg|Samuel Hubbard Scudder

• International Association for Near-Death Studies
• Institut suisse des sciences noétiques
• Parapsychological Association
• Outline of parapsychology

{{Reflist|30em}}

• Anonymous. (1885–1889). [https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofame18589amer#page/n11/mode/2up Formation of the Society]. Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research. 1: 1–2.
• Georgess McHargue. (1972). Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement. Doubleday. {{ISBN|978-0-385-05305-1}}
• Robert Laurence Moore. (1977). In Search of White Crows: Spiritualism, Parapsychology, and American Culture. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-502259-9}}

• [http://www.aspr.com/ ASPR home page]

{{Parapsychology}}

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Category:Organizations established in 1884

Category:Paranormal organizations

Category:William James

Category:1884 establishments in New York (state)

Category:Organizations based in New York City