Amuktamalyada

{{main|Krishnadevaraya}}

Krishnadevaraya was the king of the Vijayanagara Empire reigning between 1509–1530.{{cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Sailendra|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History|date=15 March 2013|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-9380607344|pages=288}} He was the third ruler of the Tuluva Dynasty, and presided over the Vijayanagara empire at its zenith. Krishna Deva Raya earned the titles of Andhra Bhoja ({{Translation|Bhoja of Andhra}}) and Mooru Rayara Ganda ({{Translation|King of three kings}}). He became the dominant ruler of the peninsula of India by defeating the Sultans of Bijapur, Golconda, the Bahmani Sultanate and the Gajapati Kingdom of Orissa.{{cite book|last1=Ray|first1=Bharati|title=Different Types of History|date=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-8131718186|pages=424|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9x5FX2RROZgC|accessdate=14 June 2016}}

Krishnadevaraya during his reign patronised many Kannada, Telugu and Sanskrit poets. His court had 8 Telugu poets (Astadiggajalu) - Allasani Peddana, Nandi Thimmana, Madayyagari Mallana, Dhurjati, Ayyala-raju Rama-Bhadrudu, Pingali Surana, Ramaraja Bhushanudu and Tenali Rama Krishna. The Kannada poets Mallanarya who wrote Bhava-chinta-ratna and Satyendra Chola-kathe and Chatu Vittal-anatha who wrote Bhagavata also enjoyed his patronage. The Tamil poet Haridasa and Tamil literature were patronised by Krishnadevaraya. The Sanskrit poet Vyasatirtha who wrote Bhedo-jjivana, Tat-parya-chandrika, Nyaya-mrita (a work directed against Advaita philosophy) and Tarka-tandava enjoyed his patronage. Krishnadevaraya was himself an accomplished Sanskrit scholar and wrote Madalasa Charita, Satyavadu Parinaya, Rasamanjari and Jambavati Kalyana.{{cite book|last1=Kamath|first1=Suryanath U|title=A concise history of Karnataka: From pre-historic times to the present|date=1980|publisher=Archana Prakashana|pages=324}}{{cite book|last1=Sastri|first1=K A Nilakanta|title=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar|date=1955|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Madras|pages=331–354|url=http://www.worldofcoins.eu/forum/upload/quantgeek/%5BOxford%20University%20Press,%20Sastri%5D%20A%20History%20of%20South%20India%20from%20Prehistoric%20Times%20to%20the%20Fall%20of%20Vijayanagar,%202nd%20Ed.pdf|accessdate=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814065310/http://www.worldofcoins.eu/forum/upload/quantgeek/%5BOxford%20University%20Press,%20Sastri%5D%20A%20History%20of%20South%20India%20from%20Prehistoric%20Times%20to%20the%20Fall%20of%20Vijayanagar,%202nd%20Ed.pdf|archive-date=14 August 2016|url-status=dead}}

{{main|Andal}}

Andal was the only woman among the twelve Vaishnava Tamil poet-saints known as the Alvars. According to tradition, Andal was born in Srivilliputtur. She was found as an infant, abandoned under a basil (Tulasi - Ocimum tenuiflorum) tree, by Vishnucitta (or Periyalvar) who himself was an Alvar poet. It is said that Periyalvar recocognised the child as Bhudevi, the consort of Vishnu (p. 36).{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Constance|last2=Ryan|first2=James D|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9780816075645|pages=593|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&q=andal+tamil&pg=PA36|accessdate=18 June 2016}}{{cite book|last1=Ramaswamy|first1=Vijaya|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|date=22 May 2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810864450|pages=448|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=andal&pg=PA154|accessdate=18 June 2016}} Active in the 7th-century,{{cite book|last= Bryant|first=Edwin Francis|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PA188|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803400-1|page=188}}{{cite book|last=Chitnis|first=Krishnaji Nageshrao|title=Medieval Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMcIu7kL42MC&pg=PA116|year=2003|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-062-2|page=116}}{{cite book|author=S. M. Srinivasa Chari|title=Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TwHhuZrZ-wC&pg=PA10|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1342-7|pages=11–12}}{{cite book|author1=Greg Bailey|author2=Ian Kesarcodi-Watson|title=Bhakti Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blkqAAAAYAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=978-81-207-0835-8}} Andal is credited with the Tamil works, Tiruppavai and Nachiyar Tirumoli, which are still recited by devotees during the winter festival season of Margali. Andal is known for her unwavering devotion to Vishnu, the supreme being of the Sri Vaishnava tradition. The Srivilliputhur Temple in Tamil Nadu is dedicated to her, marking her birthplace.{{cite book|last1=Kumararacharya|first1=V S Sampath|title=Musings on Saint Andal's Tiruppavai (A garland of Thirty Multifaceted Mystic Verses)|publisher=D V K Murthy|location=Krishnamurthipuram, Mysore|url=http://ebooks.tirumala.org/Home/Download/?ID=1929|accessdate=14 June 2016}}

Some of Andal's verses express love for Vishnu, written with bold sensuality and startlingly savage longing, hunger and inquiry, that even today many of her most erotic poems are rarely rendered publicly.{{cite news|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|title=In search of Tamil Nadu's poet-preachers|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/a01a138c-20b2-11e5-ab0f-6bb9974f25d0.html#slide0|accessdate=13 July 2015|agency=The Financial Times Limited|issue=London|publisher=Financial Times|date=10 July 2015}}{{cite journal|last1=Chakravarty|first1=Uma|title=The World of the Bhaktin in South Indian Traditions - The Body and Beyond|journal=Manushi|date=1989|volume=50-51-52|page=25|url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/pdf_files-50-51-52/the_world_of_the_bhaktin_in_south_indian.pdf|accessdate=18 September 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117202022/http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/pdf_files-50-51-52/the_world_of_the_bhaktin_in_south_indian.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{cite journal|last1=Rajarajan|first1=R K K|title=Art and Literature: Inseparable Links|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|date=2015|volume=106|issue=4|pages=53–61|url=https://www.academia.edu/27086646|accessdate=28 April 2017}}

It is believed that Krishnadevaraya wrote the work, after getting a dream in the portico of the Srikakula Andhra Maha Vishnu temple, in the Srikakulam Village (today's Krishna District) on the banks of river Krishna, in which Vishnu appeared and instructed him to write the story of his wedding to Andal at Srirangam in Telugu. In his dream, on being asked why Telugu was chosen, Vishnu is said to have replied:

{{cquote|Teluga dēla yenna dēśambu delugēnu
telugu vallabhuṇḍa telugokaṇḍa
yella nr̥pulu goluva nerugavē bāsāḍi
dēśabhāṣalandu telugu les'sa

If you ask, 'Why Telugu?' It is because this is Telugu country and I am a Telugu king. Telugu is sweet. After speaking with all the kings that serve you, didn’t you realize - amongst all the languages in the country, Telugu is the best!|||

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Amuktamalyada describes the pain of separation (viraha) experienced by Andal, who is described as the incarnate of Lakshmi, the consort of Vishnu. The poem describes Andal's beauty in 30 verses written in the keśādi-pādam style, starting from her hair, going down her body till her feet.{{cite book|last1=Krishnadevaraya|editor1-last=Reddy|editor1-first=Srinivas|title=Giver of the Worn Garland: Krishnadevaraya's Amuktamalyada|date=2010|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-8184753059|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0eTDF3uLVgC&q=Giver+of+the+Worn+Garland%3A+Krishnadevaraya%27s+Amuktamalyada&pg=PT1|accessdate=9 June 2016}}{{cite book|last1=Krishnadevaraya|title=Amuktamalyada|date=1907|publisher=Telugu Collection for the British Library|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/amuktamalyada00krissher|accessdate=9 June 2016}}{{cite web|last1=Nandakumar|first1=Prema|title=Verses from Amukta Malyada Translated|url=http://www.museindia.com/viewarticle.asp?myr=2009&issid=26&id=1603|website=Muse India|accessdate=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808160331/http://www.museindia.com/viewarticle.asp?myr=2009&issid=26&id=1603|archive-date=8 August 2016|url-status=dead}}

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Category:Art and culture of the Vijayanagara Empire

Category:Indian literature

Category:Telugu-language literature

Category:Medieval Indian literature

Category:Alvars