Anahit
{{Short description|Armenian Goddess}}
{{Other uses}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Armenian
| name = Anahit
{{nobold|Անահիտ}}
| god_of = {{unbulleted list|Golden Mother|Mother of all chastity|Goddess of fertility, healing, wisdom and water}}
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| image = Satala Aphrodite Yerevan 2025.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Bronze head of Satala Aphrodite (believed to be Anahit)
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| cult_center = Erznka
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| parents = Aramazd
| siblings = Vahagn, Nane and Mihr
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| gender = female
| Greek_equivalent = Aphrodite or Artemis
| Roman_equivalent = Diana
| Etruscan_equivalent = Artume
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| ethnic_group = Armenian
| festivals = Navasard
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}}
Anahit ({{langx|hy|Անահիտ}}) was the goddess of fertility and healing, wisdom and water in Armenian mythology.{{cite book
|title= The heritage of Armenian literature
|author1= Agop Jack Hacikyan
|author2= Gabriel Basmajian
|author3= Edward S. Franchuk
|author4= Nourhan Ouzounian
|year= 2000
|publisher= Wayne State University Press
|isbn= 978-0814328156
|page= [https://archive.org/details/heritageofarmeni00ajha/page/67 67]
|url= https://archive.org/details/heritageofarmeni00ajha
|url-access= registration
|access-date=2016-10-18
}} In early periods, she was the goddess of war. By the 5th century BCE, she was the main deity in Armenia along with Aramazd.{{cite book
|title= Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: Algonquins-Art
|last =Hastings
|first= James
|year= 2001
|publisher= Elibron Classics
|isbn= 978-1-4021-9433-7
|page= 797
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NyzDrkPG2nIC&q=Anahit&pg=PA797
|access-date=2010-12-19
}} The Armenian goddess Anahit is related to the similar Iranian goddess Anahita. Anahit's worship, most likely borrowed from the Iranians during the Median invasion or the early Achaemenid period, was of paramount significance in Armenia. Artaxias I erected statues of Anahit, and promulgated orders to worship them.{{harvnb|Boyce|1983|p=1003}}.
Armenian Anahit and Persian Anahita
According to Strabo, the "Armenians shared in the religion of the Perses and the Medes and particularly honored Anaitis". The kings of Armenia were "steadfast supporters of the cult"{{harvnb|Boyce|1983|p=1007}}. and Tiridates III, before his conversion to Christianity, "prayed officially to the triad Aramazd-Anahit-Vahagn but is said to have shown a special devotion to 'the great lady Anahit, ... the benefactress of the whole human race, mother of all knowledge, daughter of the great Aramazd{{' "}}{{harvnb|Boyce|1983|p=1007}} Cit. Agathangelos 22. According to Agathangelos, tradition required the Kings of Armenia to travel once a year to the temple at Eriza (Erez) in Acilisene in order to celebrate the festival of the divinity; Tiridates made this journey in the first year of his reign where he offered sacrifice and wreaths and boughs.Agathangelos 21. The temple at Eriza appears to have been particularly famous, "the wealthiest and most venerable in Armenia",Cicero, [no title] 9.23. staffed with priests and priestesses, the latter from eminent families who would serve at the temple before marrying. This practice may again reveal Semitic syncretic influences, and is not otherwise attested in other areas. Pliny reports that Mark Antony's soldiers smashed an enormous statue of the divinity made of solid gold and then divided the pieces amongst themselves.Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0978.phi001.perseus-eng1:33.24 XXXIII.24]. Also according to Pliny, supported by Dio Cassius, Acilisene eventually came to be known as Anaïtica.Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0978.phi001.perseus-eng1:5.20 V.20].Cassius Dio, Historia Romana [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/36*.html XXXVI.48.1] Dio Cassius also mentions that another region along the Cyrus River, on the borders of Albania and Iberia, was also called "the land of Anaïtis."Cassius Dio, Historia Romana [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/36*.html XXXVI.53.5]. Dio calls the river "Cyrnus" rather than "Cyrus".
Temples dedicated to Anahit
In Armenia, worship of Anahit was established in Erez, Armavir, Artashat and Ashtishat. A mountain in the Sophene district was known as Anahit's throne (Athor Anahta). The entire district of Erez, in the province of Akilisene (Ekeghiats), was called Anahtakan Gavar.
According to Plutarch, the temple of Erez was the wealthiest and the noblest in Armenia. During the expedition of Mark Antony in Armenia, the statue was broken to pieces by the Roman soldiers. Pliny the Elder gives us the following story about it: Emperor Augustus, being invited to dinner by one of his generals, asked him if it were true that the wreckers of Anahit's statue had been punished by the wrathful goddess. "No!" answered the general, "on the contrary, I have today the good fortune of treating you with one part of the hip of that gold statue." The Armenians erected a new golden statue of Anahit in Erez, which was worshiped before the time of St. Gregory Illuminator.
The annual festivity of the month Navasard, held in honor of Anahit, was the occasion of great gatherings, attended with dance, music, recitals, competitions, etc. The sick went to the temples in pilgrimage, asking for recovery. The symbol of ancient Armenian medicine was the head of the bronze gilded statue of the goddess Anahit.
File:Anahit godness temple ruins in Armenian Ancient capital Armavir - panoramio.jpg
File:Armenian godness Anahit's temple in Ancient Armenian capital Armavir - panoramio.jpg
File:Ruins of temple of Armenian godness Anahit in the ancient capital Armavir - panoramio.jpg|Ruins of the temple of Anahit in Armavir
Historians' accounts of Anahit
File:Anahitcoin.jpg|Commemorative coin issued by the Central Bank of Armenia devoted to Goddess Anahit
File:5000 Armenian dram - 1995 (reverse).png|5000 Armenian Dram
File:Anahit Stamp.jpg|Anahit in Stamp of Armenia, 2007
File:Anahit head copy Armenia.jpg|Copy of Satala Aphrodite in History Museum of Armenia
File:Anahit, 1964.jpg|Anahit sculpture by Hagop Ishkanian
According to Agathangelos, King Trdat extolls the "great Lady Anahit, the glory of our nation and vivifier ...; mother of all chastity, and issue of the great and valiant Aramazd." The historian Berossus identifies Anahit with Aphrodite, while medieval Armenian scribes identify her with Artemis.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} According to Strabo, Anahit's worship included rituals of sacred prostitution,Strabo, Geography [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/11N*.html XI.14.16] but later Christian writers do not mention such a custom.{{cite book
|title= Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: Algonquins-Art
|last =Hastings
|first= James
|year= 2001
|publisher= Elibron Classics
|isbn= 978-1-4021-9433-7
|page= 797
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NyzDrkPG2nIC&q=Anahit&pg=PA797
|access-date=2010-12-19}}
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
- {{Citation |last1=Boyce |first1=Mary |chapter=Anāhīd |title=Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=1 |year=1983 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |pages=1003–1009}}
- {{cite book|title=The Indo‑european and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic|url=https://www.academia.edu/3656244|first=Armen|last=Petrosyan|publisher=Washington, D.C. : Institute for the Study of Man|year=2002|isbn=9780941694810}}
- {{cite journal|first=Armen|last=Petrosyan|year= 2007|title=State Pantheon of Greater Armenia: Earliest Sources|journal=Aramazd: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume= 2|pages=174–201|issn=1829-1376}}
- {{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/berichteberdiev39klasgoog/page/n141/mode/2up|first=Heiner|last=Gelzer|year=1896|title=Zur armenischen Götterlehre|journal=Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königlich Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig|pages=99–148|oclc=665221528}}
Further reading
- {{cite journal |last=Cereti |first=Carlo G. |title=Armenia and Iran: Anāhitā's Worship in the Caucasus |journal=Iran and the Caucasus |volume=27 |issue=4–5 |date=2023 |pages=337–347 |doi=10.1163/1573384X-02704002}}
External links
{{Commons category}}
- [http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=460418&partId=1&searchText=Aphrodite+head+Satala&page=1 Bronze head of a goddess in the British Museum]
{{Authority control}}