Anastasian Wall
{{Short description|Defensive wall in Thrace}}
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Anastasian Wall
|native_name = Ἀναστάσειον Τεῖχος {{in lang|el}}
Anastasius Suru {{in lang|tr}}
|alternate_name = Long Walls of Thrace
|image = Anastasian Wall path.svg
|alt =
|caption = Map showing the course of the wall
|map_type = Turkey
|map_alt =
|map_size = 270
|coordinates = {{coord|41|12|0|N|28|20|0|E|display=inline,title}}
|location = Istanbul, Istanbul Province, Turkey
|region = Thrace
|type = Defensive wall
|part_of =
|length = {{convert|56|km|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|3.3|m|abbr=on}}
|area =
|height = {{convert|5|m|abbr=on}}
|builder =
|material =
|built =
|abandoned =
|epochs = Early Medieval
|cultures =
|occupants =
|event =
|excavations =
|archaeologists =
|condition =
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|notes =
}}
The Anastasian Wall (Greek: {{lang|grc|Ἀναστάσειον Τεῖχος}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|Anastáseion Teîchos}}; {{langx|tr|Anastasius Suru}}) or the Long Walls of Thrace (Greek: {{lang|grc|Μακρὰ Τείχη τῆς Θράκης}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|Makrà Teíchē tês Thrákēs}}; Turkish: Uzun Duvar) or simply Long Wall / Macron Teichos ({{langx|grc|Μακρὸν τεῖχος}})[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=macron-teichos-geo Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Macron Teichos][https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198:book=7:chapter=fragments Strabo, Geography, 7, fragments] is an ancient stone and turf fortification located {{convert|64|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of Istanbul, Turkey, built by the Eastern Roman Empire during the late 5th century.
Construction
Originally some {{convert|56|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, it stretches from Evcik İskelesi in Çatalca at the Black Sea coast across the Thracian peninsula to the coast of the Sea of Marmara at {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of Silivri (ancient Selymbria). It ran from north to south through the locations what are today Karacaköy, Gümüşpınar, Pınarca, Kurfallı, Fener, Alipaşa Neighborhood and Silivri Altınorak. Remains of the wall are visible in Gümüşpınar junction in Karacaköy, Hisartepe in Yalıköy, Pınarca in İhsaniye and Kurfallı village.{{cite web |url=http://www.catalca.bel.tr/index.php/2013-06-11-14-21-4/2013-06-11-14-21-11 |publisher=Çataca Belediyesi |title=Tarihi Eserler-Anastasios Surları |language=tr |access-date=2013-06-16 }} The wall was part of an additional outer defense system for Constantinople, capital of the Eastern Roman Empire and probably continued in use until the 7th century.
The wall was named after the Emperor Anastasius I ({{reign|491|518}}). However, there is evidence that the fortification already existed in 469 during the reign of Leo I ({{reign|457|474}}) and in 478 in the era of Zeno ({{reign|476|491}}), and it was maintained and renewed by Anastasius in the time from 507 to 512. The wall had a thickness of {{convert|3.3|m|ft|abbr=on}} and a height over {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It was built complete with towers, gates, forts, ditches and a military way to protect Constantinople from invasions from the west by Huns, Slavs and Bulgars. A rectangular castrum with dimensions of {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}} existed also in the central section of the wall.
Effectiveness
It is known that the wall had only a limited effectiveness, and various groups attacking Constantinople penetrated it many times, because the fortification's length made it difficult to defend the wall completely by a limited garrison, and also because the wall was not sufficiently strong due to its hasty construction.{{Cite book |title=Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium |title-link=Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-19-504652-6 |editor-last=Kazhdan |editor-first=Alexander |editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan |pages=510, 1250 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Janin |first=Raymond |title=Constantinople byzantine. Développement urbaine et répertoire topographique |year=1964 |pages=261–262 |language=fr |author-link=Raymond Janin}}
The wall fell into ruin after it was abandoned in the 7th century because of the difficulty of keeping it manned and repaired. Over the centuries, the stone of more than half of the total length was reused in other local buildings. It is best preserved in the woodlands of the northern sector.
See also
- Walls of Constantinople
- List of walls
- Çakmak Line, An abandoned Turkish defensive line for similar aims
References
{{reflist}}
Sources
- {{citation | last = Schuchhardt | first = C. | title = Die Anastasius-Mauer bei Constantinopel und die Dobrudcha-Wälle | journal = Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich Deutschen Arhäologischen Instituts | volume = XVI | year = 1901 | pages= 107–127 | language = de}}
- {{citation | first = J.G. | last = Crow | chapter = The Long Walls of Thrace | editor1-last = Mango | editor1-first = Cyril | editor2-last = Dagron | editor2-first = Gilbert | title = Constantinople and its Hinterland: Papers from the Twenty-seventh Spring Symposium on Byzantine Studies, Oxford, April 1993 | publisher = Variorum | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-86078-487-8 | pages = 109–124}}
- {{citation | last1 = Crow | first1 = J.G. | last2 = Ricci | first2 = A. | title = Investigating the hinterland of Constantinople: interim report on the Anastasian Long Wall | journal = Journal of Roman Archaeology | volume = 10 | year = 1997 | pages = 253–288}}
{{Commons category|Anastasian Wall}}
Category:Archaeological sites in the Marmara region
Category:Buildings and structures in Istanbul
Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 5th century
Category:Byzantine walls in Turkey
Category:Roman fortifications in Thrace