Anatomical model

File:A man holding an écorché statuette. Oil painting. Wellcome L0076234.jpg

Books with anatomical illustrations were extended by innovations such as flaps. The oldest anatomical work of this kind was produced by Heinrich Vogtherr in 1538. Andreas Vesalius published De Humani Corporis Fabrica (“On the fabric of the human body”) and the Epitome in 1543. The Epitome, allowed students to cut parts of the illustrations to produce their own layered anatomical model. Johann Remmelin produced a flap book Catoptrum Microcosmicum in 1619.{{Cite journal |last=Crummer |first=L. |date=1932 |title=A check list of anatomical books illustrated with cuts with superimposed flaps |journal=Bulletin of the Medical Library Association |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=131–139 |issn=0025-7338 |pmc=234358 |pmid=16016105}}

Among the earliest anatomical models was the Écorché made by Ludovico Cardi around 1600. This was widely copied and became a model and inspiration for further anatomical models. By the end of the 17th century the first anatomical wax models were produced by artists like Gaetano Giulio Zumbo collaborating with the anatomist Guillaume Desnoues. The growth of anatomical instruction and medical education in Italy led to more work on models. Noted artist included Giovanni Manzolini and his wife Anna Morandi working in Bologna which became a centre for the development of the art. Joseph Towne (1808–1879) was one of the few who attempted similar work in England. In the 19th century reclining models of women meant for medical instruction came to be called "Venuses" after Venus de Medici, typically showing a fetus in position. Other Italian artists included Clemente Susini (1754–1814), Ercole Lelli (1702–1766), Giuseppe Astorri (1795–1852), and Francesco Calenzuoli (1796–1829).{{Cite journal |last1=Riva |first1=Alessandro |last2=Conti |first2=Gabriele |last3=Solinas |first3=Paola |last4=Loy |first4=Francesco |date=2010 |title=The evolution of anatomical illustration and wax modelling in Italy from the 16th to early 19th centuries |journal=Journal of Anatomy |language=en |volume=216 |issue=2 |pages=209–222 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01157.x |issn=0021-8782 |pmc=2815943 |pmid=19900181}}{{Cite journal |last=Ballestriero |first=R. |date=2010 |title=Anatomical models and wax Venuses: art masterpieces or scientific craft works? |journal=Journal of Anatomy |language=en |volume=216 |issue=2 |pages=223–234 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01169.x |issn=0021-8782 |pmc=2815944 |pmid=20002228}}{{Cite journal |last1=Maraldi |first1=Nadir M. |last2=Mazzotti |first2=Giovanni |last3=Cocco |first3=Lucio |last4=Manzoli |first4=Francesco A. |date=2000 |title=Anatomical waxwork modeling: The history of the Bologna Anatomy Museum |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(20000215)261:13.0.CO;2-U |journal=The Anatomical Record |language=en |volume=261 |issue=1 |pages=5–10 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(20000215)261:1<5::AID-AR3>3.0.CO;2-U |pmid=10700730 |issn=0003-276X}} In Germany Rudolf Weisker began an Institute for Wax Modelling (Institut für Wachsbildnerei) in Leipzig. These developed wax models beyond humans into the zoological domain.{{Cite journal |last1=Narang |first1=Pranay |last2=Raju |first2=Bharath |last3=Jumah |first3=Fareed |last4=Konar |first4=Subhas Kanti |last5=Nagaraj |first5=Anmol |last6=Gupta |first6=Gaurav |last7=Nanda |first7=Anil |date=2021 |title=The Evolution of 3D Anatomical Models: A Brief Historical Overview |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1878875021011426 |journal=World Neurosurgery |language=en |volume=155 |pages=135–143 |doi=10.1016/j.wneu.2021.07.133|pmid=34363996 }} Gustav Zeiller (1826-1904) worked with the anatomists Carl Bogislaus Reichert, Johannes Müller, Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs, or Emil Du Bois-Reymond while his brother Paul Zeiller (1820–1893) worked with Michael Erd in Munich.{{Cite journal |last=Fakiner |first=Nike Verena |date=2014 |title=Gesammteindruck in Wax: Alexander von Humboldt and Gustav Zeiller's Anatomical Models |url=http://journals.openedition.org/hms/618 |journal=Histoire, médecine et santé |issue=5 |pages=33–45 |doi=10.4000/hms.618 |issn=2263-8911}}{{Cite journal |last=Fakiner |first=Nike |date=2016 |title=The spatial rhetoric of Gustav Zeiller's popular anatomical museum |url=https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0211-95362016000100003&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Dynamis |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=47–72 |issn=0211-9536}} Paul Zeiller and his wife Franziska also protested the use of dissections in anatomical teaching.{{Cite journal |last=Hopwood |first=Nick |date=2007 |title=Artist versus Anatomist, Models against Dissection: Paul Zeiller of Munich and the Revolution of 1848 |journal=Medical History |language=en |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=279–308 |doi=10.1017/S0025727300000144 |issn=0025-7273 |pmc=1894867 |pmid=17603655}} Wax models went into decline at the end of the 19th century.{{Cite journal |last=Schnalke |first=Thomas |date=2004 |title=Dissected limbs and the integral body: on anatomical wax models and medical moulages |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1179/030801804225018819 |journal=Interdisciplinary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=312–322 |doi=10.1179/030801804225018819 |bibcode=2004ISRv...29..312S |issn=0308-0188}}{{Cite journal |last=Talairach-Vielmas |first=Laurence |date=2014 |title=Anatomical Models: A History of Disappearance? |url=http://journals.openedition.org/hms/607 |journal=Histoire, médecine et santé |issue=5 |pages=9–20 |doi=10.4000/hms.607 |issn=2263-8911}}

The model may show the anatomy partially dissected, or have removable parts allowing the student to remove and inspect the modelled body parts. Some models may have changeable genital inserts and other interchangeable parts which permit a unisex model to represent an individual of either sex.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

One of the first computational models was through the ADAM project. Although 3D computer models of anatomy now exist as an alternative, physical anatomical models still have advantages in providing insight into anatomy.{{Cite journal |last1=Akhavanallaf |first1=Azadeh |last2=Fayad |first2=Hadi |last3=Salimi |first3=Yazdan |last4=Aly |first4=Antar |last5=Kharita |first5=Hassan |last6=Al Naemi |first6=Huda |last7=Zaidi |first7=Habib |date=2022 |title=An update on computational anthropomorphic anatomical models |journal=Digital Health |language=en |volume=8 |pages=205520762211119 |doi=10.1177/20552076221111941 |issn=2055-2076 |pmc=9277432 |pmid=35847523}}{{Cite journal|last1=Preece|first1=Daniel|last2=Williams|first2=Sarah B.|last3=Lam|first3=Richard|last4=Weller|first4=Renate|date=July 2013|title="Let's get physical": advantages of a physical model over 3D computer models and textbooks in learning imaging anatomy|journal=Anatomical Sciences Education|volume=6|issue=4|pages=216–224|doi=10.1002/ase.1345|issn=1935-9780|pmid=23349117|s2cid=2042538|url=https://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/7288/1/7288.pdf }}

• Anatomy
• Visible Human Project
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Category:Physical models

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