Anaxyrus
{{Short description|Genus of true toads in the family Bufonidae.}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|16.3|0|Middle Miocene–present}}
| image = Bufo woodhousii.jpg
| image_caption = Woodhouse's toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii)
| image2 = American toad - Bufo americanus - 3.JPG
| image2_caption = American toad (Anaxyrus americanus)
| taxon = Anaxyrus
| authority = Tschudi, 1845
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 25, see text.
}}
Anaxyrus, containing the North American toads, is a genus of true toads in the family Bufonidae.{{Cite web |title=Anaxyrus Tschudi, 1845 {{!}} Amphibian Species of the World |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Anaxyrus |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org}} The genus is endemic to North and Central America, and contains many familiar North American toad species such as the American toad, Woodhouse's toad, and the western toad.
Most species in this genus were initially classified in Bufo, but were split due to their genetic divergence and geographic separation. Some authorities still consider Anaxyrus to be a subgenus within Bufo.{{Cite journal |last=Crother |first=Brian I. |date=2014 |title=A Checklist of North American Amphibians and Reptiles: The United States and Canada . Volume 1: Amphibians. Seventh Edition. By M. J. Fouquette Jr. and Alain Dubois. Bloomington (Indiana): Xlibris. $34.99 (hardcover); $23.99 (paper). 613 p.; index to generic and species names and index to common names. ISBN: 978-1-4931-7034-0 (hc); 978-1-4931-7035-7 (pb). 2014. |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/678658 |journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology |language=en |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=404–405 |doi=10.1086/678658 |issn=0033-5770|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal|last=Gordon|first=Michelle R.|last2=Simandle|first2=Eric T.|last3=Sandmeier|first3=Franziska C.|last4=Tracy|first4=C. Richard|date=2020|title=Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus])|url=https://bioone.org/journals/copeia/volume-108/issue-1/CH-18-086/Two-New-Cryptic-Endemic-Toads-of-Bufo-Discovered-in-Central/10.1643/CH-18-086.full|journal=Copeia|volume=108|issue=1|pages=166–183|doi=10.1643/CH-18-086|issn=0045-8511|via=|doi-access=free}} However, other authorities have disputed this classification, as doing so would also require all morphologically distinct Old World toad species to also be placed in Bufo.
Species
The following fossil taxa are also known, all of which were also previously placed in Bufo:{{Cite journal |last=Sanchiz |first=B. |date=2012-01-01 |title=Nomenclatural notes on living and fossil amphibians |url=https://www.academia.edu/30177911/Nomenclatural_notes_on_living_and_fossil_amphibians |journal=Graellsia}}
- †Anaxyrus defensor (Meylan, 2005) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Florida)
- †Anaxyrus hibbardi (Taylor, 1937) (Late Miocene of Kansas)
- †Anaxyrus pliocompactilis (Wilson, 1968) (Late Miocene of Kansas, possibly synonymous with Anaxyrus compactilis or Anaxyrus speciosus)
- †Anaxyrus repentinus (Tihen, 1962) (Mid-Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) of Kansas, possibly synonymous with Anaxyrus woodhousii or Anaxyrus cognatus)
- †Anaxyrus rexroadensis (Tihen, 1962) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Kansas)
- †Anaxyrus spongifrons (Tihen, 1962) (Late Miocene of Kansas)
- †Anaxyrus suspectus (Tihen, 1962) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene (Blancan) of Kansas)
- †Anaxyrus tiheni (Auffenberg, 1957) (Late Miocene of Florida)
- †Anaxyrus valentinensis (Estes & Tihen, 1964) (Middle Miocene (Barstovian) of Nebraska)
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{Wikispecies}}
- {{Cite journal|vauthors=Frost DR, Grant T, Faivovich JN, Bain RH, Haas A, Haddad CL, De Sá RO, Channing A, Wilkinson M, Donnellan SC, Raxworthy CJ, Campbell JA, Blotto BL, Moler P, Drewes RC, Nussbaum RA, Lynch JD, Green DM, Wheeler WC|author-link=Darrel R. Frost|author2-link=:fr:Taran Grant|author3-link=:fr:Julián Faivovich|author4-link=:fr:Raoul Harley Bain|author5-link=:de:Alexander Haas (Biologe)|author6-link=:fr:Célio Fernando Baptista Haddad|author8-link=:fr:Alan Channing|author9-link=:fr:Mark Wilkinson (herpétologiste)|author10-link=Steve Donnellan (scientist)|author11-link=:fr:Christopher John Raxworthy|author12-link=Jonathan A. Campbell|author16-link=:fr:Ronald Archie Nussbaum|author17-link=:fr:John Douglas Lynch|title=The Amphibian Tree of Life|journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History|volume=297|pages=1–291|year=2006|doi=10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2|hdl= 2246/5781|doi-access=free}}
- {{cite journal|vauthors=Pauly GB, Hillis DM, Cannatella DC|author2-link=David Hillis|author3-link=:fr:David Charles Cannatella|title=The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo)|journal=Evolution|volume=58|issue=11|pages=2517–2535|date=November 2004|doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00881.x|pmid=15612295|doi-access=free}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Pauly|first1=Gregory B.|last2=Hillis|first2=David M.|last3=Cannatella|first3=David C.|title=Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names|journal=Herpetologica|date=June 2009|volume=65|issue=2|pages=115–128|doi=10.1655/08-031R1.1|doi-access=free}}
Further reading
- Tschudi JJ (1845). "Reptilium conspectus quae in Republica Peruana reperiuntur et pleraque observata vel collecta sunt in itinere". Archiv für Naturgeschichte 11 (1): 150–170. (Anaxyrus, new genus, p. 170). (in Latin)
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