Ancient Apocalypse

{{Infobox television

| image = Ancient Apocalypse.jpg

| caption = Promotional poster

| genre =

| creator =

| director =

| presenter = Graham Hancock

| starring =

| narrated =

| theme_music_composer =

| composer =

| country = United Kingdom

| language = English

| num_seasons = 2

| num_episodes = 14

| list_episodes =

| executive_producer = Bruce Kennedy

| producer = {{plainlist|Clementine Mortelman|Joshua Gray|Rebecca Joy|Marc Tiley}}

| cinematography =

| editor =

| camera =

| runtime = {{Plainlist|

29–34 minutes (first season)
40 minutes (second season)

}}

| company = ITN Productions

| budget =

| network = Netflix

| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|11|10|df=y}}

| last_aired = present

| opentheme =

| endtheme =

}}

Ancient Apocalypse is a Netflix series, where the British writer Graham Hancock presents his pseudoarchaeological{{Cite book |last=Halmhofer |first=Stephanie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uoYIEQAAQBAJ |title=Conspiracy Theories and Extremism in New Times |date= |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781666933093 |pages=66-69 |language= |chapter=Manufacturing History - Atlantis, Aryans, and the Use of Pseudoarchaeology by the Far-Right}} theory that there was an advanced civilization during the last ice age and that it was destroyed as a result of meteor impacts around 12,000 years ago. He argues that the survivors passed on their knowledge to hunter-gatherers around the world, giving rise to all earliest known civilizations. The episodes feature Hancock visiting archaeological sites and natural features which he claims show evidence of this. He repeatedly alleges that archaeologists are ignoring or covering up the evidence.

Archaeologists and other experts say that the series presents pseudoscientific claims that lack evidence, cherry picks, and fails to present the counter-evidence. The documentary was also criticised for delegitimising the achievements of Indigenous peoples. Some non-academic reviewers also found the theories unconvincing and criticized Hancock's complaints about 'mainstream archaeology' as one-sided and evocative of conspiracy theories. Some experts featured in the first series complained that footage of them was presented in a misleading way.

The first season of the series, produced by ITN Productions, was released on Netflix in November 2022. A second season, featuring actor Keanu Reeves alongside Hancock, is focused on the Americas and was released in October 2024.

Synopsis

In the series, Hancock argues that there was an advanced civilization during the last ice age. He speculates that it was destroyed around 12,000 years ago by sudden climate change during the Younger Dryas cool period, but that its few survivors taught agriculture, monumental architecture and astronomy to primitive hunter-gatherers around the world.{{cite web |author-link= Flint Dibble |last1=Dibble |first1=Flint |date=18 November 2022 |title=With Netflix's Ancient Apocalypse, Graham Hancock has declared war on archaeologists |url=https://theconversation.com/with-netflixs-ancient-apocalypse-graham-hancock-has-declared-war-on-archaeologists-194881 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206181232/https://theconversation.com/with-netflixs-ancient-apocalypse-graham-hancock-has-declared-war-on-archaeologists-194881 |archive-date=6 December 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=The Conversation}} Hancock does not accept that the earliest known civilizations could have arisen independently or that faraway peoples developed the same ideas, and argues that they all came from one advanced ice age civilization. He attempts to show how several ancient monuments and myths are evidence of this, and claims that archaeologists are ignoring or covering up this alleged evidence.{{cite news |last1=Onion |first1=Rebecca |date=18 November 2022 |title=The Ancient Absurdities of Ancient Apocalypse |url=https://slate.com/culture/2022/11/ancient-apocalypse-graham-hancock-netflix-theory-explained.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012084804/https://slate.com/culture/2022/11/ancient-apocalypse-graham-hancock-netflix-theory-explained.html |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |work=Slate}}{{Cite news |last=McKie |first=Robin |author-link=Robin McKie |date=27 November 2022 |title=Lost city of Atlantis rises again to fuel a dangerous myth |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/nov/27/atlantis-lost-civilisation-fake-news-netflix-ancient-apocalypse |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103053713/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/nov/27/atlantis-lost-civilisation-fake-news-netflix-ancient-apocalypse |archive-date=3 January 2023}} It incorporates the controversial Younger Dryas impact hypothesis, which has been comprehensively refuted,{{Cite journal |last1=Holliday |first1=Vance T. |last2=Daulton |first2=Tyrone L. |last3=Bartlein |first3=Patrick J. |last4=Boslough |first4=Mark B. |last5=Breslawski |first5=Ryan P. |last6=Fisher |first6=Abigail E. |last7=Jorgeson |first7=Ian A. |last8=Scott |first8=Andrew C. |last9=Koeberl |first9=Christian |last10=Marlon |first10=Jennifer |last11=Severinghaus |first11=Jeffrey |last12=Petaev |first12=Michail I. |last13=Claeys |first13=Philippe |date=December 2023 |title=Comprehensive refutation of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis (YDIH) |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |publisher=Elsevier |volume=247 |pages=104502 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104502 |s2cid=260218223 |doi-access=free}} and which attributes climate change to an impact winter caused by a massive meteor bombardment.{{cite news |last=Ogden |first=Leslie Evans |date=April 2018 |title=Hot Theory About Cool Event |work=Natural History |url=https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/samplings/173475/hot-theory-about-cool-event/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008113653/https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/samplings/173475/hot-theory-about-cool-event/ |archive-date=8 October 2023}}

Production and release

The series was produced by ITN Productions and released by Netflix on 10 November 2022.{{cite news |last1=Benzine |first1=Vittoria |date=2 December 2022 |title=Archaeologists Ask Netflix to Reclassify Graham Hancock's 'Unfounded' Netflix Docuseries 'Ancient Apocalypse' as Fiction |work=Artnet |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/archaeologists-graham-hancocks-ancient-apocalypse-fiction-2222060 |url-status=live |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604233544/https://news.artnet.com/art-world/archaeologists-graham-hancocks-ancient-apocalypse-fiction-2222060 |archive-date=4 June 2023}} Hancock's son Sean is a manager at Netflix responsible for "unscripted originals".{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Kasey |date=17 October 2022 |title=Ancient Apocalypse: Graham Hancock to Present Netflix Original Docuseries |url=https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/ancient-apocalypse-graham-hancock-to-present-netflix-original-docuseries/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128010835/https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/ancient-apocalypse-graham-hancock-to-present-netflix-original-docuseries/ |archive-date=28 November 2023 |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=What's on Netflix}} It was the second most-watched series on Netflix in its week of release.{{Cite web |last1=Mathews |first1=Liam |last2=Surette |first2=Tim |last3=Picurro |first3=Allison |last4=Connolly |first4=Kelly |date=15 November 2022 |title=Netflix Top 10 Shows and Movies: New Releases and Trending Today, November 15 |url=https://www.tvguide.com/news/netflix-top-10-shows-and-movies-november-15-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128011600/https://www.tvguide.com/news/netflix-top-10-shows-and-movies-november-15-2022/ |archive-date=28 November 2023 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=TV Guide}}

Two archaeologists who were featured in the first season, Katya Stroud, a senior curator at Heritage Malta, and Necmi Karul, the director of excavations at Göbekli Tepe, said that their interviews were manipulated and presented out of context.{{Cite news |last=Ebbinghaus |first=Uwe |date=20 December 2022 |title=Netflix-Doku über Eiszeit: Wenn Bilder lügen |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/ancient-apocalypse-im-faktencheck-grob-falsche-darstellung-18546167.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306191545/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/ancient-apocalypse-im-faktencheck-grob-falsche-darstellung-18546167.html |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=17 January 2023 |work=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung |language=de |issn=0174-4909}}

A second season was released on Netflix on 16 October 2024{{Cite web |title=Ancient Apocalypse: The Americas {{!}} Series two of Graham Hancock’s series to be released on Netflix on 16th October |url=https://www.itn.co.uk/media-centre/ancient-apocalypse-americas |access-date=2024-11-11 |publisher=ITN | date=18 September 2024}}

and featured the actor Keanu Reeves alongside Hancock.{{Cite web |last=Goldbart |first=Max |date=18 September 2024 |title='Ancient Apocalypse' Season 2 Confirmed By Netflix With Keanu Reeves Set To Feature |url=https://deadline.com/2024/09/ancient-apocalypse-season-2-netflix-with-keanu-reeves-graham-hancock-1236092704/ |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=Deadline Hollywood}} Plans to film parts of the second season of the show in the USA were cancelled following opposition from Indigenous groups over Hancock's depiction of their history and culture.{{Cite news |date=1 July 2024 |title=Netflix’s Ancient Apocalypse scraps US filming plans after outcry from Native American groups |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/01/netflix-ancient-apocalypse-canceled?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other |work=The Guardian}}

Episodes

= Season one =

class="wikitable sortable" style="width:65%;" ! colspan="4" \|Episodes
Episode number !Title !Subjects
1 \|Once There Was a Flood \|Gunung Padang, Sundaland, Nan Madol
2 \|Survivor in a Time of Chaos \|Cholula (Mesoamerican site), Great Pyramid of Cholula, Texcotzingo, Xochicalco
3 \|Sirius Rising \|Megalithic Temples of Malta, Malta Cart Ruts, Għar Dalam, Sirius
4 \|Ghosts of a Drowned World \|Bimini Road, Piri Reis map of 1513, Shark Island (Bimini)
5 \|Legacy of the Sages \|Göbekli Tepe, Karahan Tepe
6 \|America's Lost Civilization \|Poverty Point, Serpent Mound, Mound Builders, Clovis culture
7 \|Fatal Winter \|Derinkuyu, Kaymakli Underground City, Nevşehir
8 \|Cataclysm and Rebirth \|Channeled Scablands, Missoula Floods, Murray Springs Clovis Site, Younger Dryas, Younger Dryas impact hypothesis

class="wikitable sortable" style="width:65%;"

! colspan="4" |Episodes

Episode number

!Title

!Subjects

|Once There Was a Flood

|Gunung Padang, Sundaland, Nan Madol

|Survivor in a Time of Chaos

|Cholula (Mesoamerican site), Great Pyramid of Cholula, Texcotzingo, Xochicalco

|Sirius Rising

|Megalithic Temples of Malta, Malta Cart Ruts, Għar Dalam, Sirius

|Ghosts of a Drowned World

|Bimini Road, Piri Reis map of 1513, Shark Island (Bimini)

|Legacy of the Sages

|Göbekli Tepe, Karahan Tepe

|America's Lost Civilization

|Poverty Point, Serpent Mound, Mound Builders, Clovis culture

|Fatal Winter

|Derinkuyu, Kaymakli Underground City, Nevşehir

|Cataclysm and Rebirth

|Channeled Scablands, Missoula Floods, Murray Springs Clovis Site, Younger Dryas, Younger Dryas impact hypothesis

= Season two (''Ancient Apocalypse: The Americas'') =

class="wikitable sortable" style="width:65%;"
Episode number !Title !Subjects
1 \|Chapter I \|White Sands fossil footprints, Amazonian geoglyphs
2 \|Chapter II \|Serra do Paituna, Easter Island, Moai
3 \|Chapter III \|Easter Island, Paracas Candelabra, Viracocha
4 \|Chapter IV \|Sacsayhuamán, Viracocha, terra preta, Temple of the Moon
5 \|Chapter V \|Native American mounds, Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, Palenque
6 \|Chapter VI \|Palenque, Kukulkan, El Castillo, Chichen Itza, Quetzalcoatl, Oannes, Osiris, Maya calendar

class="wikitable sortable" style="width:65%;"

Episode number

!Title

!Subjects

|Chapter I

|White Sands fossil footprints, Amazonian geoglyphs

|Chapter II

|Serra do Paituna, Easter Island, Moai

|Chapter III

|Easter Island, Paracas Candelabra, Viracocha

|Chapter IV

|Sacsayhuamán, Viracocha, terra preta, Temple of the Moon

|Chapter V

|Native American mounds, Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, Palenque

|Chapter VI

|Palenque, Kukulkan, El Castillo, Chichen Itza, Quetzalcoatl, Oannes, Osiris, Maya calendar

Reception

Archaeologists and other experts say that the theories presented in the series are pseudoscientific, lack evidence, and that many claims are easily disproven. The Society for American Archaeology objected to the classification of the series as a documentary and requested that Netflix reclassify it as science fiction,{{cite web |last1=Sandweiss |first1=Daniel H. |date=30 November 2022 |title=Dear Ms. Bajaria and Ms. Corp |url=https://documents.saa.org/container/docs/default-source/doc-governmentaffairs/saa-letter-ancient-apocalypse.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202174326/https://documents.saa.org/container/docs/default-source/doc-governmentaffairs/saa-letter-ancient-apocalypse.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=Society for American Archaeology}}{{Cite web |last=Doak |first=Sam |date=12 January 2023 |title=Double Check: Are Archaeologists Suppressing Research on a Secret Civilization? |url=https://www.logicallyfacts.com/en/analysis/double-check-are-archaeologists-suppressing-research-on-a-secret-civilization |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008114500/https://www.logically.ai/articles/double-check-are-archaeologists-suppressing-research-on-a-secret-civilization |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=19 March 2023 |website=Logically}} stating:{{Blockquote|text="the series devalues the archaeological profession on the basis of false claims and disinformation;... repeatedly and vigorously dismisses archaeologists and the practice of archaeology with aggressive rhetoric, willfully seeking to cause harm to our membership and our profession in the public eye; ...

the theory it presents has a long-standing association with racist, white supremacist ideologies; does injustice to Indigenous peoples; and emboldens extremists."}} Archaeologist Flint Dibble said the show is "lacking in evidence to support Hancock's theory", while there is "a plethora of evidence" which contradicts the dates Hancock gives. John Hoopes, an archaeologist who has written about pseudoarcheology, said the series fails to present alternative interpretations or evidence contradicting Hancock. Archaeologist David Connolly said that Hancock's work relied on cherry-picked evidence for his claims, noting, "what he'll do is take a piece of real research [by others], insert a piece of 'why not?' and then finish it off with a bit of real research [by others]". Dr. Colin Elder, supervising archaeologist at the University of Salford, said Hancock is "not trying to corroborate with multiple sources ... He's finding one person who agrees with him, and putting them on TV. He's not looking at the counterarguments". In the same vein, archaeologist Julien Riel-Salvatore argues that it is simple, from a scientific point of view, to demonstrate that the main theses of Ancient Apocalypse are wrong. He also believes that the series undermines critical thinking.{{cite news |last1=Riel-Salvatore |first1=Julien |date=22 November 2022 |title=Netflix, l'archéologie et l'obscurantisme |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/opinion/idees/771732/science-netflix-l-archeologie-et-l-obscurantisme |access-date=27 December 2023 |work=Le Devoir |language=fr}}

Answering Hancock's claims of a coverup, archaeologists said they and their colleagues would be thrilled to uncover an ice age civilization and would take Hancock's theory seriously if the evidence really existed.

Courrier International notes that Hancock's claims are never questioned on screen: in Ancient Apocalypse, he calls the archaeologists "pseudo-experts" and repeats that they treat him patronizingly, but he does not name them nor explains their arguments.{{cite web |date=16 November 2022 |title=Netflix. "À l'aube de notre histoire" : faut-il croire ce que raconte Graham Hancock ? |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/netflix-a-l-aube-de-notre-histoire-faut-il-croire-ce-que-raconte-graham-hancock |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116191030/https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/netflix-a-l-aube-de-notre-histoire-faut-il-croire-ce-que-raconte-graham-hancock |url-status=live |archive-date=16 November 2022 |access-date=20 November 2022 |work=Courrier International |language=French}} The Guardian opined that Netflix had "gone out of its way to court the conspiracy theorists" with the series, speculating that Hancock's son's role as head of unscripted originals at the company may explain why it was commissioned.{{cite news |last1=Heritage |first1=Stuart |date=23 November 2022 |title=Ancient Apocalypse is the most dangerous show on Netflix |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/nov/23/ancient-apocalypse-is-the-most-dangerous-show-on-netflix |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217221919/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/nov/23/ancient-apocalypse-is-the-most-dangerous-show-on-netflix |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |work=The Guardian}}

Author Jason Colavito said Ancient Apocalypse was "not the worst show in its genre" but criticized it for "casting doubt on expertise, privileging emotion over evidence, and bending history to ideological ends ... making common cause with the right against academia".{{Cite magazine |last=Colavito |first=Jason |author-link=Jason Colavito |date=5 December 2022 |title=The Strange and Dangerous Right-Wing Freakout Over Ancient Apocalypse |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/169282/right-wing-graham-hancock-netflix-atlantis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001064037/https://newrepublic.com/article/169282/right-wing-graham-hancock-netflix-atlantis |archive-date=1 October 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |magazine=The New Republic |issn=0028-6583}} Writing in The Spectator, conservative commentator James Delingpole (who described himself as a "huge fan of Hancock" who finds his ideas plausible) criticized the series' production for "continually reminding [the viewer] that this is niche, crazy stuff that respectable 'experts' shun" and for portraying Hancock as "slippery and unreliable".{{Cite web |last=Delingpole |first=James |date=7 December 2022 |title=Fascinating, plausible ideas undermined by Netflix: Ancient Apocalypse reviewed |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/fascinating-plausible-ideas-undermined-by-netflix-ancient-apocalypse-reviewed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008114458/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/fascinating-plausible-ideas-undermined-by-netflix-ancient-apocalypse-reviewed/ |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=The Spectator}}

German scholar Andreas Grünschloß describes Hancock as misrepresenting Indigenous traditions to support his ideas, for example the descriptions of Quetzalcoatl as "white", which were a Spanish colonial invention. He says that Hancock is a writer who presents his science fiction as independent "research".Grünschloß, Andreas. [https://publications.goettingen-research-online.de/bitstream/2/121325/1/Unmasking%20Hegemonial%20Fingerprints%20engl.pdf Unmasking Hegemonial ‘Fingerprints of the Fraud’. Disinformation, Data Manipulation and Discursive Silencing of Native Perspectives in Graham Hancock’s Netflix-Series Ancient Apocalypse]. Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 2023. doi: 10.47952/gro-publ-123 In one episode, Hancock says the Megalithic Temples of Malta, built in 3600–2500 BC, were actually built ten thousand years earlier during the last ice age. Maltese archaeologists dismissed these claims.{{cite news |last1=Arena |first1=Jessica |date=20 November 2022 |title=Maltese archaeologists push back against Netflix show's temple claims |work=Times of Malta |url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/maltese-archaeologists-push-back-netflix-show-s-temple-claims.995910 |url-status=live |access-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607192619/https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/maltese-archaeologists-push-back-netflix-show-s-temple-claims.995910 |archive-date=7 June 2023}} Experts in Pacific geography and archaeology characterized Hancock's claims about Nan Madol as "incredibly insulting to the ancestors of the Pohnpeian [islanders] that did create these structures", linking them to 19th century "racist" and "white supremacist" ideologies.{{Cite news |last=Hodge |first=Hugo |date=6 December 2022 |title=Experts dismiss Netflix's Ancient Apocalypse as 'racist' and 'pseudoscience' |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-12-07/experts-say-ancient-apocalypse-netflix-series-is-racist-untrue/101728298 |url-status=live |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224090550/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-12-07/experts-say-ancient-apocalypse-netflix-series-is-racist-untrue/101728298 |archive-date=24 December 2023}} Writing in Skeptic magazine, impact physicist Mark Boslough criticized the series' presentation on the largely discredited Younger Dryas impact hypothesis.{{cite journal |last1=Boslough |first1=Mark |date=March 2023 |title=APOCALYPSE! WHY GRAHAM HANCOCK'S USE OF THE YOUNGER DRYAS IMPACT HYPOTHESIS IN HIS NETFLIX SERIES ANCIENT APOCALYPSE IS ALL WET |url=https://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/graham-hancocks-ancient-apocalypse-hypothesis-put-to-test/ |journal=Skeptic Magazine |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=51–59}}