Andromeda II

{{Short description|Dwarf spheroidal galaxy in the constellation Andromeda}}

{{for|Andromeda 11 (Andromeda XI)|List of Andromeda's satellite galaxies}}

{{Infobox Galaxy

| name = Andromeda II

| image = File:Andromeda II color cutout hst 13028 06 acs wfc f814w f475w sci.jpg

| caption = Andromeda II, as taken by the Hubble Space Telescope

| epoch = J2000

| type = dSph{{cite web

| title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database

| work=Results for Andromeda II

| url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/

| access-date=2006-11-29 }}

| ra = {{RA|01|16|29.8}}

| dec = {{DEC|+33|25|09}}

| dist_ly = 2.22 ± 0.07 Mly (680 ± 20 kpc){{cite journal

| author=I. D. Karachentsev

| author2=V. E. Karachentseva

| author3=W. K. Hutchmeier

| author4=D. I. Makarov

| title=A Catalog of Neighboring Galaxies

| journal=Astronomical Journal

| date=2004

| volume=127

| issue=4

| pages=2031–2068

| bibcode=2004AJ....127.2031K

| doi=10.1086/382905| doi-access=free

}}{{cite journal

| author=Karachentsev, I. D.

| author2=Kashibadze, O. G.

| title=Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field

| journal=Astrophysics

| date=2006

| volume=49

| issue=1

| pages=3–18

| bibcode=2006Ap.....49....3K

| doi=10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6 | s2cid=120973010

}}

| z = −188 ± 3 km/s

| appmag_v = 13.5

| size_v = 3.6{{prime}} × 2.52{{prime}}

| constellation name = Pisces

| notes = satellite galaxy of M31

| names = Andromeda II Dwarf Spheroidal,

PGC 4601,{{cite simbad

| title=NAME Andromeda II

| access-date=2006-11-29}} And II

}}

Andromeda II (And II) is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy about 2.22 Mly away in the constellation Pisces. While part of the Local Group, it is not quite clear if it is a satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy or the Triangulum Galaxy.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

It was discovered by Sidney Van den Bergh{{cite journal

| author=McConnachie, A. W.

| author2=Irwin, M. J.

| author3=Ferguson, A. M. N.

| author4=Ibata, R. A.

| author5=Lewis, G. F.

| author6=Tanvir, N.

| title=Distances and metallicities for 17 Local Group galaxies

| journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

| date=2005

| volume=356

| issue=4

| pages=979–997

| bibcode=2005MNRAS.356..979M

| doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08514.x | doi-access=free

|arxiv = astro-ph/0410489 }} in a survey of photographic plates taken with the Palomar 48-inch (1.2 m) Schmidt telescope in 1970 and 1971, together with Andromeda I, Andromeda III, and the presumable non- or background galaxy Andromeda IV.{{Cite journal

| last1 = Van den Bergh

| first1 = Sydney

| author-link1 = Sidney Van den Bergh

| journal = Astrophysical Journal

| date = January 1972

| title = Search for Faint Companions to M31

| volume = 171

| bibcode = 1972ApJ...171L..31V

| pages = L31

| doi = 10.1086/180861

| doi-access = free

}}

Nomenclature

Andromeda II has also been given the alias Pisces II by Martin et al. (2009), who also proposed aliases for several other satellite galaxies of the Andromeda Galaxy{{cite journal|last=Martin|first=Nicolas F.|author2=McConnachie, Alan W.|author3=Irwin, Mike|author4=Widrow, Lawrence M.|author5=Ferguson, Annette M. N.|author6=Ibata, Rodrigo A.|author7=Dubinski, John|author8=Babul, Arif|author9=Chapman, Scott|author10=Fardal, Mark|author11=Lewis, Geraint F.|author12=Navarro, Julio|author13=Rich, R. Michael|display-authors=8|title=PAndAS' CUBS: Discovery of Two New Dwarf Galaxies in the Surroundings of the Andromeda and Triangulum Galaxies|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=1 November 2009|volume=705|issue=1|pages=758–765 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/705/1/758 |arxiv = 0909.0399 |bibcode = 2009ApJ...705..758M |s2cid=15277245}} However, that name was later used by a different group unaware of these names, for a separate galaxy.{{Cite journal | last1 = Belokurov | first1 = V. | last2 = Walker | first2 = M. G. | last3 = Evans | first3 = N. W. | last4 = Gilmore | first4 = G. | author-link4 = Gerard F. Gilmore| last5 = Irwin | first5 = M. J. | last6 = Just | first6 = D. | last7 = Koposov | first7 = S. | last8 = Mateo | first8 = M. | last9 = Olszewski | first9 = E. | last10 = Watkins | first10 = L. | last11 = Wyrzykowski | first11 = L. | title = Big Fish, Little Fish: Two New Ultra-Faint Satellites of the Milky Way | doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/712/1/L103 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 712 | pages = L103–L106 | year = 2010 | issue = 1 |arxiv = 1002.0504 |bibcode = 2010ApJ...712L.103B | s2cid = 29195107 }}

Spectra observations

Using the Keck telescope, Côté et al. 1999 observed spectra for seven stars inside Andromeda II. From this data, they found an average velocity V_r of −188 ± 3 km/s and velocity dispersion of 9.2 ± 2.6 km/s. This gives a mass to light ratio of M/L_v of 21{{±|14|10}} solar units which implies that And II contains a significant amount of dark matter. Also in 1999, Côté, Oke, & Cohen used the Keck to measure the spectra of 42 red giants. From this, they deduced an average metallicity of <[Fe/H]> = −1.47 ± 0.19 and a dispersion of 0.35 ± 0.10 dex.{{ Cite journal

| last1 = Van den Bergh

| first1 = Sidney

| author-link1 = Sidney Van den Bergh

| title = Updated Information on the Local Group

| date = April 2000

| journal = The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

| volume = 112

| issue = 770

| bibcode = 2000PASP..112..529V

| pages = 533

| doi = 10.1086/316548

|arxiv = astro-ph/0001040 | s2cid = 1805423

}}

In 1999, Da Costa et al. studied the color-magnitude diagram of And II and discovered that most of stars in And II have ages between 6 and 9 Gyr. However, the observation of RR Lyrae variables and blue horizontal-branch stars demonstrates the existence of a population segment with an age greater than 10 Gyr. And II differs from And I in that it does not show a radial gradient in horizontal-branch morphology. Additionally, the dispersion in abundance is significantly larger in And II as compared to And I. This implies that these two dwarf spheroidal companions to the Andromeda galaxy have very different evolutionary histories. This raises the question of whether there is a correlation

between a radial horizontal-branch gradient and the metallicity dispersion between dwarf spheroidal galaxies.

History

And II appears to be in the possession of a stellar stream, a feature that is indicative of a merger event in the past.{{cite journal |author=N. C. Amorisco |author2=N. W. Evans |author3=G. van de Ven |name-list-style=amp |title=The remnant of a merger between two dwarf galaxies in Andromeda II |date=20 March 2014 |journal=Nature |volume=507 |issue=7492 |pages=335–337 |doi=10.1038/nature12995 |pmid=24572352 |arxiv = 1402.5142 |bibcode = 2014Natur.507..335A |citeseerx=10.1.1.763.6049 |s2cid=96250 }} The characteristics of And II can best be explained by the merger of two disky dwarf galaxies, some 5 billion years ago.{{cite journal |author=Ewa L. Lokas |author2=Ivana Ebrova |author3=Andres del Pino|author4=Marcin Semczuk |title=Andromeda II as a merger remnant |date=21 May 2014 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=445 |pages=L6–L10 |arxiv=1405.5324 |bibcode = 2014MNRAS.445L...6L |doi = 10.1093/mnrasl/slu128 |doi-access=free |s2cid=119264136 }}

References

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20060213164841/http://www.seds.org/~spider/spider/LG/and2.html SEDS: Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy Andromeda II]

Category:Dwarf spheroidal galaxies

Category:Local Group

Category:Andromeda Subgroup

Category:Pisces (constellation)

04601

Category:Triangulum Subgroup