Angara-1.2
{{Short description|Russian small-lift launch vehicle}}
{{Infobox rocket|name=Angara-1.2|image=File:Ангара-1.2.svg|caption=The design of the Angara-1.2 launch vehicle|function=Launch vehicle|manufacturer=Khrunichev|country-origin=Russia|height={{cvt|42.2|m}}|diameter={{cvt|2.9|m}}|mass=~{{cvt|171500|kg}}{{cite web|title=Ракета-носитель "Ангара-1.2"|url=https://www.roscosmos.ru/36319/|website=Роскосмос|accessdate=2022-08-19|language=ru|archive-date=2022-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821194809/https://www.roscosmos.ru/36319/|url-status=live}}|stages=2|capacities={{Infobox rocket/payload
| location = LEO 200km
}}
{{Infobox rocket/payload
| location = SSO
| kilos = {{cvt|2400|kg}}
}}
{{Infobox rocket/payload
| location = LEO 1500km
| kilos = {{cvt|1600|kg}}
}}|family=Angara|status=Active|sites=Plesetsk, Site 35|launches=4|success=4|fail=0|first=9 July 2014|last=16 March 2025|stagedata={{Infobox rocket/stage
| type = stage
| diff =
| stageno = First
| name = URM-1
| length =
| diameter =
| empty =
| gross =
| engines = 1 RD-191
| thrust = {{cvt|1920|kN}} (Sea level)
| SI = {{cvt|310.7|isp}} (Sea level)
| burntime =
}}
{{Infobox rocket/stage
| type = stage
| diff =
| stageno = Second
| name = URM-2
| length =
| diameter =
| empty =
| gross =
| engines = 1 RD-0124A
| thrust = {{cvt|294.3|kN}}
| SI = {{cvt|359|isp}}
| burntime =
}}}}
"Angara-1.2" is a Russian two-stage small-lift launch vehicle designed to launch a payload of up to 3.5 tons into low Earth orbit and up to 2.4 tons into a sun—synchronous orbit. The height of the "Angara-1.2" is about 41.5 m, the launch mass of the rocket is about 171 tons. It is part of the Angara family of launch vehicles.
Description
The Angara-1.2 rocket has two stages running on cryogenic fuel, the fuel is kerosene of the RG-1 naphthyl brand, and the oxidizer is liquid oxygen.{{Cite web |title=Зачем России "Ангара"? |url=https://naukatehnika.com/zachem-rossii-%C2%ABangara%C2%BB.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023102916/https://naukatehnika.com/zachem-rossii-%C2%ABangara%C2%BB.html |archive-date=2022-10-23 |website=Наука и техника}} Since the second stage does not have the possibility of re-activation to form the final orbit of the spacecraft being launched, it includes a detachable orbital launch unit "AM" (aggregate module) operating on high-boiling fuel dinitrogen tetroxide + UDMH "heptyl".{{Cite web |title=Центр Хруничева и НИЦ РКП: успешные огневые стендовые испытания агрегатного модуля ракеты-носителя "Ангара" |url=http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=3540 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229115936/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=3540 |archive-date=2021-12-29}}{{Cite journal |date=2015 |title=Ракетные двигатели малой тяги |url=https://niimashspace.ru/files/2016/Raket_dvig_maloy_tyagi.pdf |journal=ФГУП НИИМАШ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016211450/https://niimashspace.ru/files/2016/Raket_dvig_maloy_tyagi.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-16}}
= First Stage =
The first stage of the Angara-1.2 is a universal rocket module, similar to those used on the first and second stages of the Angara-A5 heavy carrier.{{Cite web |title=Ракета-носитель "Ангара-1.2" |url=https://www.roscosmos.ru/36319/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821194809/https://www.roscosmos.ru/36319/ |archive-date=21 August 2022 |website=Roscosmos}} The module is a complete structure consisting of oxidizer and fuel tanks and an engine compartment, has a diameter of 2.9 m and a length of 25.1 m.{{Cite web |title=Семейство ракет-носителей "Ангара" |url=http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=44 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118135419/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=44 |archive-date=2017-01-18}} The URM-1 is equipped with a closed-circuit liquid rocket engine RD-191, created at NPO Energomash based on the RD-170 engine used on the first stages of Zenit and Energia launch vehicles and working on a kerosene-oxygen fuel pair.{{Cite web |last=Имамутдинов |first=Ирик |title=Две с половиной тонны топлива в секунду |url=https://expert.ru/expert/2012/26/dve-s-polovinoj-tonnyi-topliva-v-sekundu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305233918/http://expert.ru/expert/2012/26/dve-s-polovinoj-tonnyi-topliva-v-sekundu/ |archive-date=2019-03-05 |website=«Эксперт»}}{{Cite journal |last=И. Афанасьев, Д. Воронцов |date=2014 |title=Первый старт "Ангары" |journal=Взлёт |issue=9 |pages=23–24}}
In the configuration of the first stage of "Angara-1.2", the URM-1 additionally includes: a block of controllable gas nozzles operating on gas extracted after the RD-191 turbopump engine unit; aerodynamic rudders for roll control; an intermediate compartment for connection to the second stage.{{Cite journal |last=Афанасьев |first=И. |date=2014 |title=Первый полет "Ангары" |url=http://novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/mag/2014/1803/23453/ |journal=Новости космонавтики |volume=9 |issue=380 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091710/http://novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/mag/2014/1803/23453/ |archive-date=2014-10-06}}
= Second Stage =
In the first test launch, Angara-1.2PP used a non-standard rocket configuration, with the URM-2 unit of the Angara-A5 carrier with a diameter of 3.6 m as the second stage and without an aggregate module. The flight followed a suborbital trajectory with an inseparable payload layout.
In the standard configuration, the second stage of the Angara-1.2 differs from the URM-2 module,{{Cite web |title=Экзамен сдан на "отлично" |url=https://www.roscosmos.ru/29781/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822044943/https://www.roscosmos.ru/29781/ |archive-date=2022-08-22 |website=Roscosmos}} it carries a smaller fuel reserve and has the same diameter as the URM-1 — 2.9 m. Like the URM-2 module for Angara-A5, the second stage of Angara-1.2 runs on an oxygen-kerosene fuel pair and uses the RD-0124A closed cycle engine created at KBHA based on the RD-0124 engine used on the Soyuz-2 launch vehicles and having a record value of specific impulse for "kerolox" engines.{{Cite journal |last=Афанасьев, Воронцов |first=И. Д. |date=2008 |title=Двигатели КБХА |journal=Взлёт |issue=4}}{{Cite news |last=Mooney |first=Justin |title=Angara 1.2 launches satellite for Russian Aerospace Forces |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/10/angara-kosmos-2560/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017082310/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/10/angara-kosmos-2560/ |archive-date=2022-10-17 |work=NASAspaceflight.com}} The RD-0124A engine has a number of design differences from the RD-0124 and an extended operating time.{{Cite web |title=РД0124А |url=https://kbkha.ru/deyatel-nost/raketnye-dvigateli-ao-kbha/rd0124a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028085628/https://kbkha.ru/deyatel-nost/raketnye-dvigateli-ao-kbha/rd0124a/ |archive-date=2022-10-28}}
= Aggregate module =
To form the target orbit of the spacecraft on the Angara-1.2 a detachable aggregate module (upper stage) is used, operating on a high-boiling fuel pair dinitrogen tetroxide + UDMH or its western name equivalent MON+MMH. The aggregate module is equipped with low-thrust engines developed at NIIMash (Sverdlovsk region){{Cite journal |title=Двигатели малой тяги |url=http://www.lpre.de/resources/articles/LTREs_all.pdf |journal=Научно-исследовательский институт машиностроения |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120064038/http://www.lpre.de/resources/articles/LTREs_all.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-20}} — four 11D458 with a thrust of {{cvt|40|kgf}} and fourteen orientation and stabilization engines 17D58E with a thrust of {{cvt|1.3|kgf}} each.
= Fairing =
The payload fairing of the Angara-1.2 consists of two flaps, its shell has a three-layer cellular structure. An aggregate module, a payload adapter and a spacecraft are placed under the fairing. The fairing has a diameter of 2.9 meters and a total length of 9.2 m. A total volume of about 25 m3 can be used to place the payload under the fairing.
Launch sites
Launches of launch vehicles of the Angara family are carried out from Site 35 of the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. It is planned to create a launch complex at the Vostochny Cosmodrome.
Production
The Angara family rockets are manufactured by the Polyot production association, the Omsk branch of the Khrunichev, the parent company is engaged in the production of the aggregate module for Angara-1.2. Serial production of the Angara family of rockets was planned to begin in 2023,{{Cite news |title=История и характеристики ракет-носителей "Ангара" |url=https://tass.ru/info/14523641 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017130445/https://tass.ru/info/14523641 |archive-date=2022-10-17 |work=TASS}} and in September 2022 it was announced that the start of serial production would be postponed to 2024.{{Cite news |title=Омская "Ангара-1.2" вывела на орбиту спутник "Космос-2560", однако к полноценному серийному производству «Ангары» ПО «Полет» еще не готово |url=https://kvnews.ru/news-feed/143770 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027220106/https://kvnews.ru/news-feed/143770 |archive-date=2022-10-27 |work=Коммерческие вести}}
Launches
Launches of the Angara 1.2 launch vehicle are carried out from the Site 35 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The first flight of the Angara-1.2 launch vehicle in its standard configuration took place on April 29, 2022.{{Cite news |title=Гендиректор Центра им. Хруничева: в мире есть интерес к ракете "Ангара" |url=https://tass.ru/interviews/14533985 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017135625/https://tass.ru/interviews/14533985 |archive-date=2022-10-17 |work=TASS}} In total, 3 rocket launches were carried out in the Angara-1.2 modification, all of them were successful.
{{Launch log|OneSite = yes}}
{{Launch
| date = 29 April 2022
19:55:22{{cite web |last=Mooney |first=Justin |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/04/first-angara-1-2/ |title=Russia launches first orbital Angara 1.2 rocket with military payload |work=NASASpaceFlight |date=15 April 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022}}
| configuration = Angara-1.2
| serial = 71602
| outcome = Failure
| spacecraft = Kosmos-2555 (EO MKA №2)
| user = VKS
| function = Reconnaissance
| orbit = SSO
| remarks = Maiden flight of Angara 1.2. No orbit-raising activities were detected from Kosmos-2555 following deployment, indicating a possible spacecraft failure. Re-entered May 18, 2022 after not attempting to raise its orbit.{{cite tweet |author=Jonathan McDowell |user=planet4589 |number=1526889947541737474 |title=The Kosmos-2555 payload launched on the Angara-1.2 test mission last month reentered this morning, May 18, after failing to make any orbital manoeuvres. SpaceTrack reports reentry between 0116 and 0230 UTC.}}{{cite web |last1=Zak |first1=Anatoly |title=Russian Military Satellite With 'Z' Marking Likely To Burn Up In Atmosphere: Experts |website=International Business Times |date=17 May 2022 |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/russian-military-satellite-z-marking-likely-burn-atmosphere-experts-3510266}}
}}
{{Launch
| date = 15 October 2022
19:55:15{{cite web |last=Mooney |first=Justin |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/10/angara-kosmos-2560/ |title=Angara 1.2 launches satellite for Russian Aerospace Forces |work=NASASpaceFlight |date=15 October 2022 |access-date=16 October 2022}}
| configuration = Angara-1.2
| serial = 71603
| outcome = Success
| spacecraft = Kosmos-2560 (EO MKA №3)
| user = VKS
| function = Reconnaissance
| orbit = SSO
| remarks = Kosmos 2560 decayed from orbit 10 Dec 2022 01:54 UTC, also quite soon after launch. Some suspect this was due to spacecraft failure.{{cite web | url=https://universemagazine.com/en/russian-military-satellite-descended-from-orbit-less-than-two-months-after-launch/ | title=Russian military satellite "Kosmos-2560" descended from orbit | date=13 December 2022 }}
}}
{{Launch
| date = 17 September 2024
07:01:00{{cite web |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/7631 |title=Angara 1.2 - Kosmos 2577 |work=Next Spaceflight |access-date=14 September 2024}}
| configuration = Angara-1.2
| serial = 71604
| outcome = Success
| spacecraft = Kosmos-2577 (OO MKA №1)
Kosmos-2578 (OO MKA №2)
| user = VKS
| function = Reconnaissance
| orbit = SSO
| remarks =
}}
{{Launch
| date = 16 March 2025
10:50{{cite web |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/7631 |title=Angara 1.2 - Kosmos 2577 |work=Next Spaceflight |access-date=14 September 2024}}
| configuration = Angara-1.2
| serial = 71605
| outcome = Success
| spacecraft = Kosmos-2585 (Strela-3M №19)
Kosmos-2586 (Strela-3M №20)
Kosmos-2587 (Strela-3M №21)
| user = VKS
| function = Communication
| orbit = LEO
| remarks =
}}
|colspan=6 style="background: silver; font-weight: bold;"|Future Launches
|-
{{Launch
| date = April 2025{{cite web |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/7631 |title=Angara 1.2 - Kosmos 2577 |work=Next Spaceflight |access-date=14 September 2024}}
| configuration = Angara-1.2
| serial =
| outcome = Planned
| spacecraft = Kosmos-2588 (OO MKA №3)
Kosmos-2589 (OO MKA №4)
| user = VKS
| function = Reconnaissance
| orbit = SSO
| remarks =
}}
|}