Anim languages
{{Short description|Language family of New Guinea}}
{{Cleanup lang|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Anim
|altname=Fly River
|region=Fly River, central southern New Guinea
|familycolor=Papuan
|fam1=Trans-New Guinea?
|child1=Inland Gulf
|child2=Tirio
|child3=Boazi
|child4=Marind–Yaqai
|protoname=Proto-Anim
|glotto=anim1240
|glottorefname=Anim
|map=Anim languages.svg
|mapcaption=Map of the Anim languages in relation to other language families on New Guinea.
{{legend|#FF5E5F|The Anim families}}
{{legend|#7BB5B6|Other Trans–New Guinea families}}
{{legend|#D9D9D9|Other Papuan languages}}
{{legend|#E09D00|Austronesian languages}}
{{legend|white|Uninhabited}}
}}
The Anim or Fly River languages are a language family in south-central New Guinea established by Usher & Suter (2015).Timothy Usher and Edgar Suter (2015) "The Anim Languages of Southern New Guinea". Oceanic Linguistics 54:110–142 The names of the family derive from the Fly River and from the Proto-Anim word *anim 'people'.
Languages
The 17 Anim languages belong to the following four subfamilies:
- Inland Gulf
- Tirio (Lower Fly River)
- Boazi (Lake Murray)
- Marind (Marind–Yaqai)
The moribund Abom language, previously considered a member of the Tirio family, is of uncertain classification, possibly Trans–New Guinea, but does not appear to be Anim. The extinct Karami language, attested only in a short word list and previously assigned to the Inland Gulf family, defies classification (Usher and Suter 2015).
Anim languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The languages of Southern New Guinea |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=641–774 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}
:
| {{table}}
|+ List of Anim languages ! Language !! Subgroup !! Location !! Population !! Alternate names | ||||
| Marind | Nuclear Marind | central Merauke Regency and southeast corner (Indonesia) | 7,000 | |
| Bian | Nuclear Marind | northeast Merauke Regency (Indonesia) | 2,900 | |
| Yaqay | Yaqay | eastern Mappi Regency (Indonesia) | 10,000 | |
| Warkay-Bipim | Yaqay | south Asmat Regency (Indonesia) | 300 | |
| Kuni-Boazi | Lake Murray (Boazi) | west Lake Murray (PNG) | 4,500 | |
| Zimakani | Lake Murray (Boazi) | southwest Lake Murray across border (PNG) | 1,500 | |
| Tirio | Tirio (Lower Fly) | south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) | 1900 | Makayam |
| Bitur | Tirio (Lower Fly) | south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) | 860 | Mutum, Paswam, Bituri |
| Adulu | Tirio (Lower Fly) | south Gogodala Rural LLG (PNG) | 220 | Aturu |
| Lewada-Dewara | Tirio (Lower Fly) | Gogodala Rural LLG (PNG) | 700 | Were |
| Baramu | Tirio (Lower Fly) | south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) | 850 | |
| Ipiko | Ipiko (Inland Gulf) | West Kikori Rural LLG (PNG) |
Reconstruction<!--link from Proto-Anim-->
=Phonemes=
{{Infobox proto-language
| name = Proto-Anim
| familycolor = Papuan
| ancestor =
| target = Anim languages
}}
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:Timothy Usher & Edgar Suter. [https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/fly-river Proto–Fly River]. New Guinea World.
:
| {{table}}
| *m | *n | ||
| *p | *t | *k | |
| *mb | *nd | *ŋg | |
| *ɸ | *s | ||
| *w | *r | *j |
Vowels are *a *e *i *o *u.
=Pronouns=
Proto-Anim pronouns (Usher and Suter 2015):
:
| class="wikitable"
! !! sg !! pl |
| 1
| *na- || *ni- |
|---|
| 2
| *ŋga- || *ja |
| 3
| *(u)a- || *ja |
By 2020, comparison with the neighboring TNG branch Awyu–Ok had led so some revision of the reconstructions. Here are the nominative and possessive/object forms:
:
| class="wikitable"
! !! sg !! pl |
| 1
| *no, *na- || *ni, *na-/*ni- |
|---|
| 2
| *ŋgo, **ŋga- || *[i/e]o, *[i/e]a- |
| 3m
| *e, *e- ||rowspan=2| *i, *i- |
| 3f
| *u, *u- |
The demonstrative third-person forms *e-, *u-, *i- are an innovation shared with proto-Awyu–Ok, which has the same vowel ablaut in the second person as well. They reflect a gender ablaut of msg *e, fsg *u, nsg *[a/o], and pl *i, as in *anem 'man', *anum 'woman', *anim 'people', or *we 'father', *wu 'mother', *wi 'parents'.
=Lexicon=
Proto-Anim lexical reconstructions by Usher & Suter (2015) are:
:
| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Proto-Anim | |
| ‘house’ | *aɸ(a,o) |
| ‘younger sibling’ | *am(o)=e/*am=u |
| ‘laugh’ | *awend(V) |
| ‘thigh’ | *mboɸo |
| ‘breast’ | *mbumb(V) |
| ‘tree’ | *nde |
| ‘navel’ | *ndekum(u) |
| ‘sago’ | *ndou |
| ‘build a nest’ | *ewes |
| ‘bone’ | *ɸia(u) |
| ‘rain’ | *ŋg(a,o)e |
| ‘night’ | *ŋgap(o) |
| ‘eat, drink’ | *ŋg(e,a)i |
| ‘root’ | *itit(i) |
| ‘lip’ | *itup(u) |
| ‘cry’ | *iwo |
| ‘tooth’ | *kam(V) |
| ‘egg, seed’ | *kan(a,e) |
| ‘paddle’ | *kawea |
| ‘mouth, teeth’ | *maŋg(a,o)t(o) |
| ‘come’ | *mano |
| ‘speech, voice’ | *mean(V) |
| ‘two’ | *measi |
| ‘fruit, seed’ | *moko(m) |
| ‘heart’ | *muki(k) |
| ‘mosquito’ | *naŋg(a,i)t(i) |
| ‘banana’ | *napet(o) |
| ‘sleep’ | *nu |
| ‘forearm’ | *piŋgi |
| ‘stand’ | *ratinV |
| ‘hand’ | *seŋga |
| ‘tongue’ | *sas(a) |
| ‘meat, fish’ | *sawa(i) |
| ‘tail feathers’ | *sum(V) |
| ‘fire, tree’ | *tae |
| ‘wing’ | *taɸ(u) |
| ‘nape’ | *temuk(u) |
| ‘lie down’ | *tenV |
Below are selected reconstructions for Proto-Fly River (Proto-Anim) and branches by Usher (2020).
:
| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Proto- |
| head
| || *gia || || || || *pa || *muku || |
|---|
| hair
| || || *duɾumə; *duɾum || || || || || |
| ear
| || *tu; *jeja || *towap || || *kambet || *kembet, *kambet || *k[e]mbet || |
| eye
| *kindV[C] || *kuɸino || *baɾid || || *kind || *kind || *kind || |
| nose
| || *dasi || *miw || || || *aŋgi₂p || *s[e/a]maŋg || |
| tooth
| *kam || *ta; *bese || *suwə; *kam; *su || *kam || *maŋg[e/a]t || *maŋgat || *maŋg[e/a]t || |
| tongue
| *sas || *koda; *sasa || *jimə; *jim || *naseam; *sas || *inVm || *inum || *in[e/a]m || |
| leg
| || *idini || || || || *tegu || || |
| louse
| *n[u]m[u]ŋg || *uani || *oɾ[eae]n || *[num]uŋg || *nambun || *nahun; *mba[m/mb] || *nambun || |
| dog
| || *gaso || *s[eae]; *diɾean || *gaɣo || || *ŋgat || || |
| pig
| *mbasik || *maɸa || *m[i/e]nawə || *basik || *basik || *basik || *basik || |
| bird
| || *ewesa || *dawod || || || *ujub || || *pet[e/a]ɣau |
| egg
| *kanV || *ɸutu; *usu || *sVɣaɾə || || *mogaw; *kan[a] || *magaw || *mo[k/ɣ]a || |
| blood
| || || *nauɾə || *kouk || || *do || || |
| bone
| *mbai[a]ŋg; *ɸia[u] || *ɸia || *naɾak(ə); *baig || *bajag || *hia[u] || *haiau, *hiau || *hia || *ia |
| skin
| || *nikopi; *ko[j]ipo || || *ŋgusum || || *ugu || || |
| breast
| || *jono || *bub || *toto || || *bub || *abut || |
| tree
| *nde || *de || *naukə || *tae || *de || *de || *de || |
| man
| *anem || *aneme || *anem(ə) || *anem || *anem || *anem || || |
| woman
| *anum || *anumu || *anum(ə) || *anum || *anum || *anum || || *sau |
| sun
| || *nowumu; *siwio || *manom || *kaia || || *katane || || |
| moon
| || *bubei || *manom || || || *mandou || *kam[e/o] || |
| water
| || *ogo || *mau[g/k]ə || *neia, *naia || *adika || *adeka || *adika || *maⁱ |
| fire
| *tae || *maɸi; *ta[j]e || *j[i]au || *tae || *tekaw || *tekaw || *teka || |
| stone
| || || *didigə || || *seŋgV || *ketaɾ; *seŋga || *seŋgV || *seŋgi |
| path
| || *jigei || *ewean || || || *isas || || |
| name
| || *jiga || *gag || *ij || *[i/e]g[i/e]j || *igij || *[e][k/ɣ][e] || |
| eat
| || || *tamu || || || *ɣawi[ɣ] || || *bae |
| one
| *ija (?) || *jaigio || *ɣoɾ[e]a[u][k] || *koapo || *ija[kod] || *ijako[d]; *ijakod || || |
| two
| *meas[i] || *measi || *mis || || || *inah || || *[k/ɣ]aiaɣamat |
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- Timothy Usher & Edgar Suter, New Guinea World, [https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/fly-river Proto–Fly River] (see also reconstructions of branches)
{{Anim languages}}
{{Trans–New Guinea languages}}
{{Papuan languages}}
{{Languages of Papua New Guinea}}
{{authority control}}