Animadversions
{{Short description|Third of John Milton's antiprelatical tracts}}
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Animadversions is the third of John Milton's antiprelatical tracts, in the form of a response to the works and claims of Bishop Joseph Hall. The tract was published in July 1641 under the title Animadversions upon The Remonstrants Defence Against Smectymnuus.Wheeler 2003 p. 270
Tract
The tract is a direct, personal attack upon Hall through use of satire and other methods such as mockery: "Ha, ha, ha".Milton 1953 p. 726 Animadversion, literally a drawing of attention to material, was a common enough choice of pamphleteers of the time, in which writings of the opponent were quoted at some length (but selectively), and replied to in extended form and with polemic intention. Milton's technique with the quotation and response leads to a dialogue form.Nigel Smith, Literature and Revolution in England, 1640-1660 (1994), p. 41.
Milton's focus is on Hall's views of church, liturgy, and scripture, in order to refute Hall's belief that the word of God must be mediated through a church government.Wheeler 2003 pp. 270–271 In particular, Milton argues for a freedom of speech that allows one to attain the "light of grace".Milton 1953 p. 702 To Milton, the Bible is the best way to connect to God, and church governments that attained their authority in ancient times may lack any current authority:Wheeler 2003 p. 271
But hee that shall bind himselfe to make Antiquity his rule, if hee read but part, besides the difficulty of choyce, his rule is deficient, and utterly unsatisfying; for there may bee other Writers of another mind which hee hath not seene, and if hee undertake all, the length of mans life cannot extent to give him a full and requisite knowledge of what was done in Antiquity.Milton 1953 p. 699
Milton continues to attack the authority of church governments and liturgies by emphasizing how an individual's reading of the Bible is more important than other considerations, and that personal prayers are more important than ancient forms of worship because the individual feels what he is thinking. The only type of religious structure that can work is a direct relationship between a preacher and a congregation without any set forms or rituals and with the preacher serving as a minister to the people. Wheeler 2003 pp. 271–272
Themes
Thomas Kranidas believes that Milton was focusing on persons, not theory, and claims that the "chief argument was not in fact 'Believe this ', but rather 'Believe me '".Kranidas 1983 p. 248
Notes
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References
- Kranidas, Thomas. "Words, Words, Words, and the Word: Milton's Of Prelatical Episcopacy". Milton Studies 16 (1983): 153
- Milton, John. Complete Prose Works of John Milton Vol I ed. Don Wolfe. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953.
- Wheeler, Elizabeth. "Early Political Prose" in A Companion to Milton. Ed. Thomas Corns. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
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