Ankole

File:Ankole Kingdom Map.png

The kingdom of Ankole is located in the South-Western region of Uganda bordering Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Ankole is Home to some of the most favorable grazing lands in Africa:{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sX27AAAAIAAJ|title=The Social and Sexual Roles of Hima Women: A Study of Nomadic Cattle Breeders in Nyabushozi County, Ankole, Uganda|page=10}}

{{blockquote|The very fact that the Hima can live almost entirely on cattle bespeaks the richness of their homeland among so many arid or semi-arid areas of primitive pastoralism in the world. In those areas reliance on cattle as a single source of subsistence is impossible; people have to turn, in addition, to other sources of food. In contrast, Himaland, called Kaaro Karungi (the good land) by both its inhabitants and their neighbours, is known for the fertility of its soil, the abundance of its pastures, and its rainfall well spread out both seasonally and perennially. It was pointed out many years ago that ‘Ankole might be called the ranchland of Uganda containing as it does mile after mile of richest pasture’.15 This bounty enables the Hima to feed their cattle well with grass during some eight months of the year, and to water them almost every day. Hence, Ankole cattle yield milk almost daily throughout the year, providing their owners’ families with a continuous food supply.|}}

Before the collapse of the Empire of Kitara, Ankole was a small and remote area on the edges of the empire.{{Cite book |title=The Early State |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2011 |isbn=9783110813326 |pages=132–134}}

According to legend, the first (and semi-legendary) king of Ankole, Ruhinda Rwa Njunaki, was born as the illegitimate{{Cite web |title=The Legend of Ruhinda and Foundation of Ankole and Karagwe – Bunyoro-Kitara USA |url=http://www.bunyorokitarausa.org/posts/the-legend-of-ruhinda-and-foundation-of-ankole-and-karagwe/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |language=en-US}} son of Wamara{{Cite book |last=Kasule |first=Joseph |title=Historical Dictionary of Uganda |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2022 |isbn=9781538141755 |edition=2nd |pages=19}} (or Ndahura),{{Cite book |last1=Briggs |first1=Philip |title=Uganda |last2=Roberts |first2=Andrew |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2010 |isbn=9781841623092 |pages=9}} the last emperor of the Empire of Kitara. His mother was known as Njunaki and was a servant in the king's palace. The Hinda clan later took adopted Hima identity for itself in order to gain more support from the hima pastoralists.

File:Royal Palace of Nkore 04.jpg

On 25 October 1901, the Kingdom of Nkore was incorporated into the British Protectorate of Uganda by the signing of the Ankole agreement.{{Cite web |url=http://www.kituochakatiba.org/sites/default/files/legal-resources/THE%20ANKOLE%20AGREEMENT%201901.pdf |title=The Ankole Agreement 1901 |access-date=2014-10-12 |archive-date=2019-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112062245/http://www.kituochakatiba.org/sites/default/files/legal-resources/THE%20ANKOLE%20AGREEMENT%201901.pdf |url-status=dead }}

The kingdom was formally abolished in 1967 by the government of President Milton Obote, and since then, the kingdom has not been restored officially.[http://www.ugandaobserver.com/new/archives/2005arch/features/interview/apr/int200503311.php The Observer Media Ltd. :: The Weekly Observer :: Uganda's Top Resource site] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203235759/http://www.ugandaobserver.com/new/archives/2005arch/features/interview/apr/int200503311.php | date=3 December 2007 }}

File:Mugaba Palace Heritage Site 05.jpg

Because of the reorganisation of the country by Idi Amin, Ankole no longer exists as an administrative unit. It is divided into ten districts, namely: Bushenyi District, Buhweju District, Mitooma District, Rubirizi District, Sheema District, Ntungamo District, Mbarara District, Kiruhura District, Ibanda District, and Isingiro District.

Ankole society evolved into a system of ranked statuses, where even among the cattle-owning elite, patron-client ties were important in maintaining social order. Men gave cattle to the king (mugabe) to demonstrate their loyalty and to mark life-cycle changes or victories in cattle raiding.{{cite encyclopedia|title=Uganda: a country study|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/92000513/|last=Byrnes|first=Rita M.|date=1992|editor-last=Byrnes|editor-first=Rita M.|edition=2nd|pages=59–60|isbn=0-8444-0749-6|oclc=25831693|postscript=. {{PD-notice}}|entry=Banyankole}} This loyalty was often tested by the king's demands for cattle or for military service. In return for homage and military service, a man received protection from the king, both from external enemies and from factional disputes with other cattle owners.

The Emitwe leaders (commanders of the basic military units) were the second most powerful group after the Mugabe in Ankole. They spent most of their time in court when not fighting. They had their encampments (amacumbi) near the palace but not in it. The Emitwe leaders were also the top regional administrators. Their chief duties were to mobilize their warriors in times of war and to lead them in the actual fighting and also to carry out the duties of civil administration during times of peace. Their official positions and personal standing made them the most influential single group in court since their advice was sought on most matters of public policy. The leaders of the emitwe could be either Iru or Hima.{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Nkore_in_Wes/gG0cAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=A History of the Kingdom of Nkore in Western Uganda to 1896|page=112}}

The reign of Ntare V is full of examples of famous Bairu emitwe leaders, such as Ruhara, who was also a regional chief. Ruharu was a close friend of King Ntare V. He gained great fame and renown because of the leading part he played in conquering large parts of Rwampara County, which was previously part of the Mpororo kingdom. Ruhara, together with other Iru such as Koyokoma and Rwankwiiziire, played the leading role in traveling across Ankole to stop the flow of people fleeing Ankole after the death of Ntare V, showing their great influence and personal standing in the society.{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Nkore_in_Wes/gG0cAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=A History of the Kingdom of Nkore in Western Uganda to 1896|page=55}}

In Ankole society composed of the Iru (pl. Bairu) and Hima (pl. Bahima. The Iru were cultivators who had some cattle while the Hima were those engaged almost exclusively in pastoralism (often having herds in the many dozens or even hundreds).{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Nkore_in_Wes/gG0cAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=A History of the Kingdom of Nkore in Western Uganda to 1896|page=57}} The Bairu and Bahima did not have many opportunities to mix much due to the simple fact that they had different lifestyles which did not give them much time left for communal leisure gatherings. The Bairu engaged in the cultivation of finger millet like, the building of homesteads, brewing beer, and the hunting of wild game for meat, which the Bahima (except for beer drinking did not engage in. The Hima settled a specific region of marshlands which was mostly devoid of population, with only a few scattered agriculturalists living there. There were virtually no contacts between the two groups.{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Nkore_in_Wes/gG0cAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=A History of the Kingdom of Nkore in Western Uganda to 1896|page=57}}{{Cite book |title=The Early State |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2011 |isbn=9783110813326 |pages=622}}

In Ankole, it was believed that that "obwiru" [the state of being a Mwiru] was poverty; he who was poor was a Mwiru; he who was rich was a Muhima. Marko Kiiza of the Kingdom of Igara says:{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Nkore_in_Wes/gG0cAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=A History of the Kingdom of Nkore in Western Uganda to 1896|page=51}}

{{blockquote|Nkore is confusing because it was mixed up through intermarriage. There were the Abambari—these were people on the way to becoming Bahima. They were emerging from the obwiru. They no longer did any cultivation as they would have acquired herds of cattle. By that stage, they would also have married from the Bahima families. It was the criterion of affluence that determined obuhima [the state of being a Muhima]. For if you can count up to three generations of affluent ancestors in succession, you cannot then go back to the Bairu. Let me now give you the example of these Basingo [a clan name] like Rwabigongi. Their grandfathers were Bairu, but now look at them; are they are not Bahima? They are completely gone (that is to say that they are regarded as pure Bahima by everyone}}

A number of social pressures worked to destroy Hima domination of Ankole. Miscegenation took place despite prohibitions on intermarriage, and children of these unions (abambari) often demanded their rights as cattle owners, leading to feuding and cattle-raiding. From what is present-day Rwanda groups launched repeated attacks against the Hima during the nineteenth century. To counteract these pressures, several Hima warlords recruited Bantu men into their armies to protect the southern borders of Ankole.

Aili M. Tripp describes the role of women in the kingdom of Ankole:{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0HMhG81-AIC&pg=PA32|title=Women and Politics in Uganda|pages=32–33 |author-link=Aili M. Tripp|last=Tripp |first=Aili Mari |date=2000-05-05 |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-16484-3 |language=en}}

{{blockquote|In Ankole, female chiefs were common at the turn of the century. In fact, the only female gombolola chief appointed by the British administration, Julia Kibubura, was from Ankole. Women leaders were sometimes credited with extraordinary powers. Ankole was renowned for its female diviners who included well-known women like Murogo, Nyatuzana, Kyishokye and Kibubwa. For example, the king (mugabe) Rwebishengye appointed the famous diviner Murogo to work for him as a spy on the Banyoro north of Katonga. Murogo and her female descendants were allegedly able to turn themselves into cows and mingle with the cattle herds of the enemy and they worked for the kings for several generation in the Ibanda area|}}

The Iru were able to join the army and even lead army units (emitwe). Bairu warriors were considered far superior to the ordinary Iru farmers and also to the ordinary Hima (who were derisively called tick eaters). Bairu leaders of the emitwe were as equal as the Bahima who held the same office and were of greater standing than those Bairu or Bahima who did not. Poems and songs of praise were sung about the exploits of Iru warriors against the rival Kingdom of Rwanda.{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Nkore_in_Wes/gG0cAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=A History of the Kingdom of Nkore in Western Uganda to 1896|page=54, 62-63}}

Kananura, a member of the Hororo people, speaks of the military organization of Ankole: "A war expedition without the Bairu could not be contemplated or be successful. The Omukama used to call out all his male subjects to fight if there was a war to be fought."{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Nkore_in_Wes/gG0cAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=A History of the Kingdom of Nkore in Western Uganda to 1896|page=50-51}}

An Iru named katare (son of kobengo) was one of the most famous warrios during the reign of Ntare IV, was a Mwiru and his praises are still sung in Ankole today; You redeemed Nyinamashazi with your arrow when he was interned in Buganda. You are the Mwiru, the rest are pickers of weeds; You are the Musingo (by clan), the others are merely gatherers of ashes.You are the One whose weapon is the arrow, the others use wood (of which the arrow shafts were made) only to make fire".{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Nkore_in_Wes/gG0cAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=A History of the Kingdom of Nkore in Western Uganda to 1896|page=54}}

File:Omugabe Gasyonga of Ankore.jpg

Names and Dates taken from John Stewart's African States and Rulers (1989).{{Cite book|title=African States and Rulers|last=Stewart|first=John|publisher=McFarland|year=1989|isbn=0-89950-390-X|location=London|page=201}}

• Ruhinda (c. 1430 – 1446)
• Nkuba (c. 1446 – 1475)
• Nyaika (c. 1475 – 1503)
• Nyabugaro Ntare I (c. 1503 – 1531)
• Rushango (c. 1531 – 1559)
• Ntare II Kagwejegyerera (c. 1559 – 1587)
• Ntare III Rugamaba (c. 1587 – 1615)
• Kasasira (c. 1615 – 1643)
• Kitera (c. 1643 – 1671) (joint ruler with Kumongye)
• Kumongye (c. 1643 – 1671) (joint ruler with Kitera)
• Mirindi (c. 1671 – 1699)
• Ntare IV Kitabanyoro (c. 1699 – 1727)
• Macwa (c. 1727 – 1755)
• Four joint rulers (c. 1755 – 1783)
• Rwabirere
• Karara I
• Karaiga
• Kahaya I
• Three joint rulers (c. 1783 – 1811)
• Nyakashaija
• Bwarenga
• Rwebishengye
• Kayunga (c. 1811 – 1839) (joint ruler with Gasyonga I)
• Gasyonga I (c. 1811 – 1839) (joint ruler with Kayunga)
• Mutambuka (c. 1839 – 1867)
• Ntare V (c. 1867 – 1895)
• Monarchy placed under the Uganda Protectorate in 1896.
• Kahaya II (1895 – 1944)
• Gasyonga II (1944 – 8 September 1967)
• Monarchy abolished in 1967.
• Ntare VI/John Barigye, 1993–2011 (Titular king)
• Charles Rwebishengye, 2011–present (Titular king/crown prince)

not needed. a link to the tribe is given already

Nkore Kingdom was divided into ten counties. These counties are now divided into various political constituencies. But the original ten counties of Nkore include:

• Kashari
• Isingiro
• Rwampara
• Nyabushozi
• Ibanda
• Sheema
• Kajjara
• Bunyaruguru
• Igara
• Buhweju

File:Runyakole Calendar.jpg

The Nkore calendar was divided into 12 months. They were named according to weather conditions and activities done in that period. They include:

• Biruuru
• Kaatambuga
• Katumba
• Nyeikoma
• Kyabahezi
• Kahingo
• Nyeirurwe
• Kamena
• Kicuransi
• Kashwa
• Museenene
• Muzimbezi

• Ebyevugo, Ankole poetry form

{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Uganda.html World Statesmen - Uganda]
• [http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/ankole-culture.html A tour guide to Ankole Culture - Uganda]
• [https://www.wdl.org/en/item/14277/view/1/1/ Historical map of Ankole]
• [https://ankoletimes.co.ug/ The Ankole Times]

{{Subnational monarchies of Uganda}}

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Category:Ugandan monarchies

Category:Ethnic groups in Uganda

Category:Bantu peoples

Category:States and territories disestablished in 1967