Anna Lockhart Flanigen
{{short description|American chemist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anna Lockhart Flanigen
| image = AnnaLockhartFlanigen1899.png
| alt = A young woman with hair in an updo with short curled bangs, wearing a high-collared dress with a striped pinafore apron
| caption = Anna Lockhart Flanigen, photographed in the 1870s, from an 1899 publication
| other_names = Annie L. Flanigan
| birth_name =
| birth_date = January 26, 1852
| birth_place = Philadelphia
| death_date = February 19, 1928
| death_place = Philadelphia
| occupation = Chemist, college professor
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse(s) =
| relatives =
}}
Anna Lockhart Flanigen (January 26, 1852 – February 19, 1928) was an American scientist. She was one of the first two women students at the University of Pennsylvania, and later taught chemistry at Mount Holyoke College.{{Cite web|title=First women students at Penn|url=https://penntoday.upenn.edu/node/151369|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Penn Today|language=en}}
Early life and education
Flanigen was born in Philadelphia, the daughter of William C. Flanigan and Jane Adams Flanigan. (Her family name is spelled variously in sources as Flanigen, Flanigan, Flanagan; she used the first spelling in publications.)[https://books.google.com/books?id=eAriAAAAMAAJ&dq=Anna+Flanigen&pg=PA54 A Record of the Class of 1878 of the College University of Pennsylvania, 1878 to 1898] (J. B. Lippincott Company 1899): 54-55.
Flanigen attended the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania. She enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania's Towne Scientific School as a "special student" in 1876, along with Gertrude Klein Pierce;{{Cite news|date=1953-10-09|title=Mrs. Easby Dies, First Penn Coed|pages=48|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86127842/mrs-easby-dies-first-penn-coed/|access-date=2021-09-28|via=Newspapers.com}} they were the first women students at Penn.{{Cite book|last1=Mallon|first1=Linda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngJIAms6Ai8C&dq=Anna+Flanigen&pg=PA6|title=Franklin's Daughters: Profiles of Penn Women|last2=Sama|first2=Anita|date=2002-03-11|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-1813-8|pages=6–8|language=en}}{{Cite news|last=Molloy|first=Ruth B.|date=1957-02-17|title=Penn's First Coeds|pages=166|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86113377/penns-first-coedsruth-b-molloy/|access-date=2021-09-28|via=Newspapers.com}} They were allowed to take courses but were considered ineligible for a degree, instead receiving "certificates of proficiency" in 1878.{{Cite web|last=Haas|first=Kimberly|date=June 11, 2021|title=Women's Work: Female Science Pioneers in 19th Century Philadelphia|url=https://hiddencityphila.org/2021/06/womens-work-female-science-pioneers-in-19th-century-philadelphia/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Hidden City Philadelphia|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613071433/https://hiddencityphila.org/2021/06/womens-work-female-science-pioneers-in-19th-century-philadelphia/ |archive-date=2021-06-13 }} Flanigen pursued further studies in Berlin and London,Mount Holyoke College, [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Mt._Holyoke_Llamarada%2C_1910.pdf The Llamarada] (1910 yearbook): 20. worked with William Ramsay, and returned to Penn to complete a Ph.D. in 1906.{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Heather A.|date=March 4, 2010|title=First women students at Penn|url=https://penntoday.upenn.edu/node/151369|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-27|website=Penn Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928213429/https://penntoday.upenn.edu/node/151369 |archive-date=2021-09-28 }}{{Cite news|date=1906-06-14|title=Penn Turns Out Student Army|pages=11|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86150536/penn-turns-out-student-army/|access-date=2021-09-28|via=Newspapers.com}} Her doctoral thesis under Edgar Fahs Smith was titled "The electrolytic precipitation of copper from an alkaline cyanide electrolyte" (1906).{{Cite book|last=Flanigen|first=Anna Lockhart|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001033124|title=The electrolytic precipitation of copper from an alkaline cyanide electrolyte ...|date=1906|publisher=The John C. Winston co.|location=Philadelphia, Pa.}}
Career
Flanigen taught physics and chemistry at Penn after college, and worked as a chemist and assayer at the Keystone Watch Case Company from 1883 to 1898. She was secretary of the New Century Guild of Working Women when it formed in Philadelphia in 1886.{{Cite news|date=1886-02-08|title=A Boon for Bachelors|pages=1|work=The Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31644167/anna-l-flanigen/|access-date=2021-09-28|via=Newspapers.com}} She attended the Lake Placid Conference on Home Economics in 1903.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xhAAQAAMAAJ&dq=Anna+L%2C+Flanigen&pg=RA3-PA62|title=Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference|date=July 1903|publisher=Lake Placid Conference on Home Economics|pages=62|language=en}} She was an assistant professor of chemistry at Mount Holyoke College from 1903{{Cite book|last=College|first=Mount Holyoke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD7PAAAAMAAJ&dq=Anna+Flanigen&pg=PA6|title=Annual Report of the President ...|date=1903|pages=6|language=en}} to 1910.
Personal life
Flanigen died in 1928, in Philadelphia, aged 76 years.{{Cite news|date=1928-02-21|title=Anna L. Flanigen|pages=3|work=The Morning Post|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86127603/anna-l-flanigen/|access-date=2021-09-28|via=Newspapers.com}}
References
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Category:Scientists from Philadelphia
Category:American women scientists
Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni