Anna M. Harkness

She was born on October 25, 1837, in Dalton, Ohio,{{cite web |title=Anna M. Richardson Harkness {{!}} American philanthropist |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anna-M-Richardson-Harkness |website=britannica.com/ |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=7 May 2019 |language=en}} and was the daughter of James Richardson and Anna (née Ranck) Richardson.{{cite book |last1=James |first1=Edward T. |last2=James |first2=Janet Wilson |last3=Boyer |first3=Paul S. |last4=College |first4=Radcliffe |title=Notable American Women, 1607-1950: A Biographical Dictionary |date=1971 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674627345 |page=[https://archive.org/details/notableamericanw02jame_0/page/134 134] |url=https://archive.org/details/notableamericanw02jame_0 |url-access=registration |accessdate=7 May 2019 |language=en}} Not much is known about her early life.{{cite book |title=Journal of Presbyterian History, Vol. 52 |date=1974 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekVPAQAAIAAJ |accessdate=7 May 2019 |language=en}}

On February 13, 1854, then sixteen-year-old Anna was married to the 34-year-old Stephen Vanderburgh Harkness, an early investor with John D. Rockefeller who became the second-largest shareholder in Standard Oil before his death in March 1888. Stephen had previously been married to Laura Osborne, who died in August 1852, and with whom he had three children, only one of whom, Lamon V. Harkness, was living at the time of their marriage. Together, Anna and Stephen lived at his estate on Euclid Avenue in Cleveland (known as Millionaires' Row) and were the parents of four more children, three of whom survived to adulthood:

• Jennie A. Harkness (1856–1864), who died young.
• Charles William Harkness (1860–1916),{{cite news|title=C. W. HARKNESS. OF STANDARD OIL, DIES; Third Largest Holder, with Brother, of Company's Stock a Victim of Apoplexy at 56. A DIRECTOR IN RAILWAYS Member of Many Clubs and Owner of the Yacht Agawa Was Educated for a Lawyer.|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/05/02/100207162.pdf |accessdate=15 July 2017|work=The New York Times|date=2 May 1916}} who married Mary Warden (1864–1916) in 1896;{{cite book |title=Western Reserve Historical Society Publication |date=1917 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B83rAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA17 |accessdate=7 May 2019 |language=en}} both died of influenza in 1916.{{cite news|title=C.W. HARKNESS LEFT $170,000,000 ESTATE; Standard Oil Holdings to Brother, Edward S., Make Him Third Largest Holder. $500,000 BEQUEST TO YALE Presbyterian Hospital Gets $350,000 ;- Widow and Brother Share Residuary Estate.|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/05/09/104674549.pdf |accessdate=15 July 2017|work=The New York Times|date=9 May 1916}}
• Florence Harkness (1864–1895), who married the widower Louis Henry Severance (1838–1913).
• Edward Stephen Harkness (1874–1940),{{cite news|title=Edward S. Harkness Dies at 66; Gave $100,000,000 to the Public; Devoted His Lifetime to Distributing Vast Wealth of His Family to Educational and Welfare Organizations|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/01/30/92854014.pdf |accessdate=15 July 2017|work=The New York Times|date=30 January 1940}}{{cite news|title=EDWARD STEPHEN HARKNESS|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/01/31/92858158.pdf |accessdate=15 July 2017|work=The New York Times|date=31 January 1940}} who married Mary Stillman, daughter of New York attorney Thomas Edgar Stillman, in 1904.{{cite news |title=MRS. E.S. HARKNESS DEAD AT AGE OF 75; Widow of Financier Continued His Policy of Giving Aid to Health and Education ALSO WAS PATRON OF ARTS Her Husband Donated to Public Causes at Least $100,000,000 and She Added to This Was Married in 1904 Some of Her Donations |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1950/06/07/86439918.pdf |accessdate=7 May 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=7 June 1950}}

Her husband died aboard his yacht on March 6, 1888,{{cite news|title=DIED ON BOARD HIS YACHT.|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1888/03/09/103166377.pdf |accessdate=15 July 2017|work=The New York Times|date=9 March 1888}} and was buried in Cleveland's Lake View Cemetery. He left an estate valued at $150 million (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|150000000|1888|r=-8}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) and Anna inherited one-third of his fortune: $50 million (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|50000000|1888|r=-7}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}), consisting primarily of stock in Standard Oil.{{cite book |last1=Kiger |first1=Joseph C. |title=Philanthropists and Foundation Globalization |date=2011 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=9781412809566 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Zhn2dfGEc4C&pg=PA40 |accessdate=7 May 2019 |language=en}}

In 1891, Anna moved to New York City, but continued to maintain a home in Willoughby, Ohio. She died on March 27, 1926, at her home, 820 Fifth Avenue in New York City.{{cite news |title=MRS. HARKNESS, YALE BENEFACTOR, IS DEAD |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31328889/mrs_harkness_yale_benefactor_is_dead/ |accessdate=7 May 2019 |work=Hartford Courant |date=28 March 1926 |page=1 |language=en}} After a private funeral,{{cite news |title=Private Funeral Service for Mrs. S. V. Harkness |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31328720/private_funeral_service_for_mrs_s_v/ |accessdate=7 May 2019 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |date=29 Mar 1926 |page=3 |language=en}} she was buried alongside her late husband in Lake View Cemetery.{{cite news|title=MRS. HARKNESS'S FUNERAL.; Simple Service Held for Philanthropist In Fifth Avenue Home.|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1926/03/30/99383631.pdf |accessdate=15 July 2017|work=The New York Times|date=30 March 1926}} At her death, she had already given away $40 million,{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Sondra C. |last2=Taylor |first2=Martha A. |title=Reinventing fundraising: realizing the potential of women's philanthropy |date=1995 |publisher=Jossey-Bass Publishers |isbn=9780787900502 |page=[https://archive.org/details/reinventingfundr00shaw/page/24 24] |url=https://archive.org/details/reinventingfundr00shaw |url-access=registration |accessdate=7 May 2019 |language=en}} yet her wealth had increased to nearly $85 million (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|85000000|1926|r=-7}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}).

Their first child, Jennie, died aged seven in 1864. After her death, the Harknesses erected and furnished a memorial pavilion at Lakeside Hospital in Cleveland as a memorial to her.{{cite web |title=HARKNESS, ANNA M. (RICHARDSON) |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/harkness-anna-m-richardson |website=case.edu |publisher=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History {{!}} Case Western Reserve University |accessdate=7 May 2019 |language=en |date=11 May 2018}}{{cite news|title=HOSPITAL RECEIVES NEW HARKNESS GIFT; $250,000 From Mrs. Stephen V. Harkness Completes the Fund for Nurses' School. HAS DONATED $800,000 Plans for the Edifice Are Now in the Hands of Architect -- Entire Building Fund is $3,704,297.|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/07/09/99349332.pdf |accessdate=15 July 2017|work=The New York Times|date=9 July 1925}} On July 29, 1895, within a year of Florence's marriage to Louis Severance, the former Treasurer of Standard Oil, their second daughter also died. Similarly, Anna and her son-in-law Louis donated the funds for the construction of the Florence Harkness Memorial Chapel at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland.{{cite web|url=http://music.case.edu/facilities/harkness_chapel.php |title=Florence Harkness Memorial Chapel

|publisher= Case Western Reserve University |accessdate=May 7, 2019 }}

After her eldest son Charles died in 1916,{{cite news|title=CHAS. W. HARKNESS LEFT AN ESTATE OF $60,000,000; Tax Appraisal Shows Oil Financier Was One of the World's Richest Men. UP $15,000,000 SINCE DEATH Began as a Young Man, Lately Out of School, with $1,500,000 Inherited from Father. HELD LITTLE REAL ESTATE Fortune Nearly All in Stocks and Bonds -- Died 15 Days Before State Tax Was Advanced. C.W. HARKNESS LEFT $60,000,000 ESTATE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/12/08/archives/chas-w-harkness-left-an-estate-of-60000000-tax-appraisal-shows-oil.html|accessdate=15 July 2017|work=The New York Times|date=8 December 1916}} Anna gave $3 million (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|3000000|1917|r=-6}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) to Yale University for the construction of Memorial Quadrangle in Charles's memory, including Harkness Tower, the most visible symbol of Yale on the New Haven skyline. Anna's portrait by Albert Herter is displayed in the dining hall of Saybrook College, part of the Memorial Quadrangle.{{cite web |title=Mrs. Stephen Vanderburg Harkness (Anna Maria Richardson) (1837–1926) (After Benjamin Curtis Porter) {{!}} Yale University Art Gallery |url=https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/4692 |website=artgallery.yale.edu |publisher=Yale University Art Gallery |accessdate=7 May 2019}} In 1920, she donated an additional $3 million to Yale towards increases in faculty salaries.Reports Made to the President of Yale University. By Yale University. President's Office, (1921).

In October 1918, Anna established the Commonwealth Fund, a foundation dedicated to the improvement of healthcare with an initial gift of $10 million (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|10000000|1918|r=-6}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}).{{cite web |title=Anna M. Harkness {{!}} Founder |url=https://centennial.commonwealthfund.org/anna-harkness.html |website=centennial.commonwealthfund.org |publisher=Commonwealth Fund |accessdate=7 May 2019}} Along with her son, Edward, the foundation made charitable gifts totaling more than $129 million, the equivalent of $2 billion in 2005 dollars, including funds for the establishment of the Harkness Fellowships, the construction of St. Salvator's Hall at the University of St Andrews, the Butler Library at Columbia University, and many of the undergraduate dormitories at Harvard and Yale Universities (known as "houses" and "residential colleges," respectively).{{cite news|title=$2,009,685 GRANTED FOR HEALTH WORK; Commonwealth Fund's Awards Covered Research, Education and Public Health $135,000 FOR WAR RELIEF Report Says Difficulty Lies in Aiding Nazi-Occupied Lands but Not Germany|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1941/01/20/archives/2009685-granted-for-health-work-commonwealth-funds-awards-covered.html|accessdate=15 July 2017|work=The New York Times|date=20 January 1941}} The fund was also a major benefactor of the Hampton and Tuskegee Institutes, the Museum of Natural History in New York, the New York Zoological Society and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, the New York Public Library and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where it established the Museum's collection of ancient Egyptian art.{{cite news|title=MRS. HARKNESS BUILT $50,000,000 ESTATE UP TO $85,000,000; Inventory Reveals the Great Increase in Fortune She Inherited From Husband. $16,000,000 INHERITANCE TAX Most of Huge Holdings Were in Gilt-Edge Securities -- Son Gets About $60,000,000. SHE GAVE MUCH TO CHARITY When St. Paul Bonds Slumped She Recalled Them as Gifts and Gave Good Ones in Return. HARKNESS ESTATE UP TO $85,000,000|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F05EFD9173CEE3ABC4F52DFB667838D639EDE&legacy=true|accessdate=15 July 2017|work=The New York Times|date=17 October 1926}} The Harkness Pavilion at NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital / Columbia University Medical Center is also named for the family.

{{reflist|30em}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928105753/http://www.commonwealthfund.org/aboutus/aboutus_show.htm?doc_id=224821 The Commonwealth Fund]
• [http://www.newyorksocialdiary.com/the-way-they-live/2012/big-old-houses-very-rich-and-very-quiet Pictures and history of Harkness House, current home to the Commonwealth Fund]

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Category:1837 births

Category:1926 deaths

Category:American philanthropists

Anna M.

Category:Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland

Category:People from Wayne County, Ohio