Anne Gallagher

Gallagher was educated in Sydney at Santa Sabina College.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} She then studied at Macquarie University, Sydney, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (political science and international relations) in 1984 and a Bachelor of Laws in 1987.{{cite web |title=Queen's Birthday Honours|url=http://www.mq.edu.au/alumni_and_supporters/alumni/news_publications/news/queens_birthday_honours/|publisher=Macquarie University Alumni |access-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205531/http://www.mq.edu.au/alumni_and_supporters/alumni/news_publications/news/queens_birthday_honours/ |archive-date= Mar 3, 2016 }} She completed a Master of International Law at the Australian National University in 1991.{{cite journal |title=Contributors|journal=Human Rights Quarterly|year=1997|volume=19|issue=2|pages=459–460|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/human_rights_quarterly/v019/19.2contributors.html|access-date=4 August 2012|doi=10.1353/hrq.1997.0013|url-access=subscription}} In 2006, Gallagher obtained a Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Utrecht, Netherlands.

Gallagher was admitted as a solicitor of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in 1988 and as a barrister and solicitor of the High Court of Australia in 1988 and of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory in 1990.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} From 1990 to 1992, Gallagher was a lecturer in the Australian National University's Graduate International Law Program.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Gallagehr was a United Nations Official from 1992 to 2003 and was adviser to Mary Robinson, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, from 1998 to 2002.{{cite journal|editor-last=Hutton|editor-first=Cathy|title=Newsletter|journal=Centre for International and Public Law, Faculty of Law, Australian National University|date=March 2000|issue=1|url=http://law.anu.edu.au/cipl/Newsletters/00MarNewsletter.pdf|access-date=4 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322042100/http://law.anu.edu.au/cipl/Newsletters/00MarNewsletter.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2012|url-status=dead}} During her tenure, Gallagher represented Robinson at the negotiations for the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime as well as its protocols on trafficking and migrant smuggling. In 2001–2002, she led the development of the United Nations Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking and during that same period was the founding Chair of the United Nations Inter-Agency Group on Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling.{{cite web|last=Forced Migration Review|title=Trafficking, Smuggling and Human Rights: Tricks and Treaties|url=http://www.mafhoum.com/press3/104S25.htm|work=Media Monitors Network|publisher=Forced Migration Review|access-date=4 August 2012}}

From 2003 to 2018, Gallagher held various leadership positions in a regional development initiative,{{cite web|last=Asia Regional Trafficking in Persons (ARTIP) Project|title=Asia Regional Trafficking in Persons (ARTIP) Project|url=http://www.artipproject.org|publisher=ARTIP|access-date=4 August 2012}} funded by the Australian Government's International Aid Program aimed at strengthening legislative and criminal justice responses to trafficking in persons and related exploitation in all ten Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Member States.{{cite web|last=Castan Centre for Human Rights Law|title=Human Rights 2004: The Year in Review|url=http://www.law.monash.edu.au/castancentre/events/2004/human-rights-2004.html|work=Castan Centre for Human Rights Law|publisher=Monash University|access-date=4 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429202939/http://www.law.monash.edu.au/castancentre/events/2004/human-rights-2004.html|archive-date=29 April 2013|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|last=IntLawGrrls|first=voices on international law, policy, practice|title=Today's Guest Bloggers: Anne Gallagher and Elaine Pearson|url=http://www.intlawgrrls.com/2009/04/guest-bloggers-anne-gallagher-elaine.html|publisher=IntLawGrrls|access-date=4 August 2012|archive-date=18 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918220409/http://www.intlawgrrls.com/2009/04/guest-bloggers-anne-gallagher-elaine.html|url-status=dead}} The US State Department cited Gallagher's contribution to this Project, which they note has been 'widely acclaimed for its positive impact on laws, policies and practices within and outside the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region'. The ASEAN Secretary-General, Surin Pitsuwan, also noted Gallagher's contribution, stating, "Dr Gallagher's expertise in this field, particularly in the area of criminal justice responses to trafficking, is recognised and deeply appreciated throughout the ASEAN region. ... It is not wrong to say that the achievements that ASEAN, as a region, is enjoying in the criminal justice response to the heinous crime of trafficking are in no small part due to Dr Gallagher's persevering efforts and her compassion towards ASEAN."{{cite web|last=Cambridge University Press|title=The International Law of Human Trafficking, Reviews|url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item5562683/?site_locale=en_GB|publisher=Cambridge University Press|access-date=4 August 2012}}{{cite web|last=Fishpond|title=The International Law of Human Trafficking|url=http://www.fishpond.com.au/Books/International-Law-of-Human-Trafficking-Anne-T-Gallagher/9780511761065|publisher=Fishpond|access-date=4 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013450/http://www.fishpond.com.au/Books/International-Law-of-Human-Trafficking-Anne-T-Gallagher/9780511761065|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}

Gallagher is also an independent, self-funded scholar with research and publications related to human rights, criminal justice and the rule of law, and the international law on human trafficking.{{cite news|last=Gallagher|first=Anne|title=A question of bondage|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/05/14/1210444528872.html|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=The Age|date=15 May 2008}}{{cite web|last=Action News|title=An inspiring Australian|url=http://trans.worldvision.com.au/news/actionnews/viewArticle_enh.asp?articleID=281|work=Action News|publisher=World Vision|access-date=4 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217083547/http://trans.worldvision.com.au/news/actionnews/viewArticle_enh.asp?articleID=281|archive-date=17 December 2013|url-status=dead}} She has published articles in the International Criminal Justice Review,{{cite journal|last=Gallagher|first=A.|author2=Holmes, P.|title=Developing an Effective Criminal Justice Response to Human Trafficking: Lessons From the Front Line|journal=International Criminal Justice Review|date=1 September 2008|volume=18|issue=3|pages=318–343|doi=10.1177/1057567708320746|ssrn=1292563|s2cid=146498046}} Human Rights Quarterly,{{cite journal|last=Gallagher|first=Anne|author2=Pearson, Elaine|title=The High Cost of Freedom: A Legal and Policy Analysis of Shelter Detention for Victims of Trafficking|journal=Human Rights Quarterly|date=1 January 2009|volume=32|issue=1|pages=73–114 |doi=10.1353/hrq.0.0136|s2cid=144761935|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/human_rights_quarterly/toc/hrq.32.1.html|access-date=4 August 2012|url-access=subscription}} Virginia Journal of International Law{{cite journal|last=Gallagher|first=Anne|title=Human Rights and Human Trafficking: Quagmire or Firm Ground?|journal=Virginia Journal of International Law|date=1 May 2008|volume=49|issue=4|pages=789–848|url=http://www.vjil.org/articles/human-rights-and-human-trafficking-quagmire-or-firm-ground-a-response-to-james-hathaway|access-date=4 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217091345/http://www.vjil.org/articles/human-rights-and-human-trafficking-quagmire-or-firm-ground-a-response-to-james-hathaway|archive-date=17 December 2013|url-status=dead}} and the Anti-Trafficking Review.{{cite journal|last=Gallagher|first=Anne|author2=Surtees, Rebecca|title=Measuring the success of counter-trafficking interventions in the criminal justice sector: Who decides—and how?|journal=Anti-Trafficking Review|date=June 2012|volume=1|issue=1|pages=10–31|url=http://www.antitraffickingreview.org/issues.html|access-date=4 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324031357/http://www.antitraffickingreview.org/issues.html|archive-date=24 March 2013|url-status=dead}}{{cite journal|last=Gallagher |first=Anne |title=Two Cheers for the Trafficking Protocol|journal=Anti-Trafficking Review|date=2015|issue=4|pages=14–32|doi=10.14197/atr.20121542 |url=http://www.antitraffickingreview.org/index.php/atrjournal/article/view/88|access-date=3 June 2018|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|last=Gallagher |first=Anne |title=Editorial|journal=Anti-Trafficking Review|date=2012|issue=1|doi=10.14197/atr.2012111 |url=http://www.antitraffickingreview.org/index.php/atrjournal/article/view/75|access-date=3 June 2018}}{{cite journal|last=Gallagher |first=Anne |title=What's Wrong with the Global Slavery Index?|journal=Anti-Trafficking Review|date=2017|issue=8|pages=90–112|doi=10.14197/atr.20121786 |url=http://www.antitraffickingreview.org/index.php/atrjournal/article/view/228/215|access-date=3 June 2018|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|last=Gallagher |first=Anne |title=Editorial: The Problems and Prospects of Trafficking Prosecutions: Ending impunity and securing justice|journal=Anti-Trafficking Review|date=2016|issue=6|pages=1–11|doi=10.14197/atr.20121661 |url=http://www.antitraffickingreview.org/index.php/atrjournal/article/view/166/169|access-date=3 June 2018|doi-access=free}} Gallagher is the author of The International Law of Human Trafficking{{cite book|last=Gallagher|first=Anne T.|title=The international law of human trafficking|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780521191074 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item5562683/?site_locale=en_GB}} published by Cambridge University Press and awarded the 2011 American Society of International Law Certificate of Merit – Honorable Mention.{{cite web|last=American Society of International Law|title=ASIL Certificate of Merit and Special Book Awards|url=http://www.asil.org/pdfs/awardsandhonors/ASIL%20Book%20Awards.pdf;|publisher=American Society of International Law|access-date=4 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115150950/http://www.asil.org/pdfs/awardsandhonors/ASIL%20Book%20Awards.pdf|archive-date=15 January 2013|url-status=dead}} She is also the lead author of the companion volume "The International Law of Migrant Smuggling"{{cite book|last1=Gallagher|first1=Anne T. |last2=David|first2=Fiona.|title=The international law of migrant smuggling |year=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=9781107015920|url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/law/human-rights/international-law-migrant-smuggling?format=HB&isbn=9781107015920/?site_locale=en_GB}} published by Cambridge University Press and described by the American Journal of International Law, as "a tour de force".{{cite journal|last=Ramji-Nogales |first=Jaya |title=Book Review - The International Law of Migrant Smuggling|journal=American Journal of International Law|date=October 2016|volume=110|issue=4|pages=854–858|doi=10.1017/S0002930000763366 |s2cid=149222072 }}

Gallagher has been a panellist, expert and rapporteur at international and national governmental and non-governmental consultations, meetings, workshops and other fora,{{cite web|title=Doorstop with Tim Costello, Anne Gallagher and Damian Walshe-Howling |url=http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/transcripts/2011/kr_tr_110221_doorstop.html|publisher=Australian Government|access-date=4 August 2012}}{{cite web|last=Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|first=Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights|title=Expert Group Meeting on Human Rights Protection in the Return of Trafficked Persons|url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/89220?display=filmstrip|publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|access-date=4 August 2012}} and has been a guest speaker and lecturer at universities,{{cite web |last=FORA.tv |title=FORA.tv Speaker – Anne T. Gallagher |url=http://fora.tv/speaker/11551/Anne_T_Gallagher |publisher=FORA.tv |access-date=4 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406165209/http://fora.tv/speaker/11551/Anne_T_Gallagher |archive-date=6 April 2013 |url-status=usurped }}{{cite web|last=Harvard Law School|first=American Constitution Society|title=Career Pathways in International Human Rights with Anne T.Gallagher|url=http://www3.law.harvard.edu/orgs/acs/2012/02/12/career-pathways-in-international-human-rights-with-anne-t-gallagher/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212142239/http://www3.law.harvard.edu/orgs/acs/2012/02/12/career-pathways-in-international-human-rights-with-anne-t-gallagher/|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 December 2012|publisher=Harvard Law School|access-date=4 August 2012}}{{cite web|last=National Judicial College of Australia|first=Twiglight Seminar for the Judiciary|title=People Trafficking|url=http://njca.anu.edu.au/Professional%20Development/programs%20by%20year/2009/flyer%20Human%20Trafficking.pdf|publisher=National Judicial College of Australia|access-date=4 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318105945/http://njca.anu.edu.au/Professional%20Development/programs%20by%20year/2009/flyer%20Human%20Trafficking.pdf|archive-date=18 March 2012|url-status=dead}} and commented for,{{cite news|last=Gallagher|first=Anne|title=Turning a blind eye to modern-day slavery no longer an option'|url=http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/society-and-culture/turning-a-blind-eye-to-modernday-slavery-no-longer-an-option-20120704-21hj2.html|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=5 July 2012}} or been cited by, media.{{cite web |last=Radio National|first=Law Report|title=Slavery in the 21st Century|url=http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/lawreport/slavery-in-the-21st-century/3261106|work=Radio National|date=12 May 2008|publisher=ABC|access-date=4 August 2012}}{{cite web|last=Reporter Sally Neighbour|first=Producer Peter Cronau |title=Sex Slavery|url=http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/2011/10/06/3333668.htm|work=Four Corners|date=6 October 2011 |publisher=ABC|access-date=4 August 2012}} She has contributed opinion pieces to The Guardian and the World Economic Forum.{{cite web|title=Four Dangerous Assumptions about Human Trafficking |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/08/4-fallacies-slowing-the-fight-against-human-trafficking/|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=2 June 2018}}{{cite web|title=Migrant Smugglers are Winning: Here's Why |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/11/migrant-smugglers-are-winning-here-s-why/|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=2 June 2018}} Gallagher is also a regular critical commentator on the annual US State Department Trafficking in Persons Report,{{cite web|title=Without trafficking, what would happen to global wealth and productivity? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jul/28/without-trafficking-global-wealth-productivity-trafficking-in-persons-report |first1=A |last1=Gallagher |work=The Guardian|date=28 July 2015|access-date=2 June 2018}}{{cite web|title=The trafficking watchlist may be flawed, but it's the best measure we have |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2014/jun/27/human-trafficking-watchlist-report |first1=A |last1=Gallagher |work=The Guardian|date=27 June 2014|access-date=2 June 2018}}{{cite web|title=Could Trump be an ally in the fight against human trafficking? |date=4 July 2017 |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/anne-t-gallagher/could-trump-be-ally-fight-human-trafficking |first1=A. T. |last1=Gallagher |publisher=Open Democracy|access-date=2 June 2018}} and has been scathing of related efforts to quantify the problem of {{"'}}modern slavery{{'"}} and assess national responses.{{cite web|title=The global slavery index is based on flawed data – why does no one say so? |first1=A |last1=Gallagher |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2014/nov/28/global-slavery-index-walk-free-human-trafficking-anne-gallagher|work=The Guardian|date=28 November 2014|access-date=2 June 2018}}{{cite web|title=Unravelling the 2016 Global Slavery Index. Part one |date=28 June 2016 |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/anne-gallagher/unravelling-2016-global-slavery-index |first1=A. T. |last1=Gallagher |publisher=Open Democracy|access-date=2 June 2018}}{{cite web|title=Worst-offender lists biased towards rich countries won't help us fight slavery |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jun/30/slavery-exploitation-worst-offender-lists-biased-towards-rich-countries-wont-help |first1=A |last1=Gallagher |work=The Guardian|date=30 June 2016|access-date=2 June 2018}} Gallagher has reported being threatened with legal action following her criticism,{{cite web|title=Chasing Slave Traders: A Law Enforcement Perspective on Operation Underground Railroad|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/anne-gallagher/chasing-the-slave-traders_b_7913104.html |first1=A |last1=Gallagher |work=HuffPost|date=31 July 2015|access-date=2 June 2018}} in the Huffington Post, of "a US-based organization that stages high profile, ethically compromised 'rescue' operations in impoverished countries".{{cite web|title=Unravelling the 2016 Global Slavery Index. Part two |date=28 June 2016 |first1=A. T. |last1=Gallagher |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/anne-gallagher/unravelling-2016-global-slavery-index-part-two|publisher=Open Democracy|access-date=2 June 2018}} Since 2014, Gallagher has been a semi-regular contributor to The Spectator magazine, writing on topics including the United Nations,{{cite web|title=The race for the UN's top job |first1=A |last1=Gallagher |date=23 April 2016 |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/04/the-race-for-the-uns-top-job/|publisher=The Spectator|access-date=2 June 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190306075815/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/04/the-race-for-the-uns-top-job/ |archive-date= Mar 6, 2019 }} freedom of speech,{{cite web|title=When it Comes to Free Speech, We're all Hypocrites|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/02/when-it-comes-to-free-speech-were-all-hypocrites/ |date=14 February 2015 |first1=A |last1=Gallagher |publisher=The Spectator|access-date=2 June 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161005015823/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/02/when-it-comes-to-free-speech-were-all-hypocrites/ |archive-date= Oct 5, 2016 }} and migration.{{cite web|title=Migration Diary|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/05/migration-diary/|publisher=The Spectator|access-date=2 June 2018}}{{dead link|date=January 2025}}{{cite web|title=Australian Diary|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2018/04/australian-diary-37/ |date=14 April 2018 |first1=A |last1=Gallagher |publisher=The Spectator|access-date=2 June 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306201649/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2018/04/australian-diary-37/ |archive-date= Mar 6, 2019 }}

Gallagher continued to advise the United Nations after her formal departure. Outputs included the commentary to the United Nations Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking{{cite book|last=United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights|title=Commentary: Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking|year=2010|publisher=United Nations|location=New York and Geneva|page=5|url=http://www.ohchr.org/.../Commentary_Human_Trafficking_en.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} and a series of legal issue papers produced by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/2018/Issue_Paper_International_Definition_TIP.pdf

Gallagher was the recipient of the Anti-Slavery Australia Freedom Award in 2011.{{cite web|last=Anti-Slavery Australia|title=Anti-Slavery Australia Freedom Awards|url=http://www.antislavery.org.au/newsflash/215-anti-slavery-australia-freedom-awards.html|publisher=Anti-Slavery Australia|access-date=4 August 2012|archive-date=17 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317091441/http://www.antislavery.org.au/newsflash/215-anti-slavery-australia-freedom-awards.html|url-status=dead}} In June 2012, she was appointed Officer of the Order of Australia (AO){{cite news|last=O'Conner|first=Kerrie|title=Honour for Bingi doctor|url=http://www.batemansbaypost.com.au/story/130648/honour-for-bingi-doctor/|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=Bay Post|date=4 August 2012}}{{cite news|last=Taylor-Kabbaz|first=Amy|title=Queen's Birthday Honour for human trafficking campaigner|url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2012/06/11/3522467.htm|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=702 ABC Sydney|date=11 June 2012}} for her "distinguished service to the law, and to human rights, as a practitioner, teacher and scholar, particularly in the areas of human trafficking responses and criminal justice." Also in June 2012, she was named a "2012 TIP Report Hero" by the United States Government for her work in the global fight against human trafficking.{{cite web|last=AusAID|title=Recognising leadership in combating human trafficking|url=http://www.ausaid.gov.au/HotTopics/Pages/Display.aspx?QID=683|work=AusAID|publisher=Australian Government|access-date=4 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829043422/http://www.ausaid.gov.au/HotTopics/Pages/Display.aspx?QID=683|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Jacqueline|title=Honoured for legal work |url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/honoured-for-legal-work-20120622-20u22.html|newspaper=The Canberra Times|date=23 June 2012}}{{cite news|last=Hall|first=Eleanor|title=Australian recognized for fighting human trafficking |url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2012/s3529297.htm|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=The World Today, ABC News|date=20 June 2012}}

In 2014, Gallagher commenced as co-chair of the International Bar Association's Presidential Task Force on Human Trafficking. Also in 2014 she was appointed to the International Migration Organization's Migration Advisory Board, convened by its Director General William L. Swing.{{cite web | url=https://weblog.iom.int/ioms-migration-advisory-board-holds-first-meeting | title=IOM's Migration Advisory Board holds first meeting | IOM Blog }} In 2016, Gallagher joined Doughty Street Chambers as an Academic Expert.https://web.archive.org/web/20161026231853/http://www.doughtystreet.co.uk/barristers/profile/dr.-anne-gallagher She is also a founding member of the Asia Dialogue on Forced Migration.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

In March 2018, Gallagher was elected President{{cite web|title=ICMS appoints new President and Governing Committee |date=6 March 2018 |url=https://www.icmc.net/newsroom/news-and-statements/icmc-appoints-new-president-and-governing-committee|publisher=ICMC|access-date=2 June 2018}} of the International Catholic Migration Commission succeeding former Goldman Sachs Chairman and UN Special Representative on migration Sir Peter Sutherland. In her public pronouncements as president, Gallagher called for an "honest dialogue" on migration to confront the "globalization of indifference".{{cite web|last=ICMC|title=Interview: Dr. Anne Gallagher on Confronting the Globalization of Indifference|url=https://www.icmc.net/newsroom/news-and-statements/anne-gallagher-confronting-the-globalization-of-indifference|publisher=ICMC|access-date=4 June 2018|archive-date=2 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502172127/https://www.icmc.net/newsroom/news-and-statements/anne-gallagher-confronting-the-globalization-of-indifference|url-status=dead}}

In April 2019,https://commonwealthfoundation.com/commonwealth-foundation-appoints-anne-gallagher-as-director-general/ "Dr. Anne Therese Gallagher AO appointed as Director-General", Commonwealth Foundation, April 24, 2019 Gallagher was appointed Director-General of the Commonwealth Foundation by its 46 Member States, becoming the first women to occupy this post in the Foundation's 70-year history.

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