Annie Livshis

Chana Mindlin was born on March 25, 1864, in an inn in the Vitebsk Governorate of the Russian Empire. She was the third of eight children and raised in an Orthodox Jewish family. As only her brothers were allowed to be educated, she was informally taught how to read by one of her brothers, but was not taught how to write.{{Sfn|Lewin Diament|2001|p=514}} After the death of her mother and eldest brother, by the 1880s, the rest of the family sought to emigrate, as pogroms in the Russian Empire increasingly threatened their safety.{{Sfn|Lewin Diament|2001|pp=514-515}}

Chana Mindlin, known by the anglicised name "Annie", arrived in New York City in April 1886. There she was introduced to anarchism by her brother Harris and his friend Israel Kopeloff, a follower of Johann Most, and she joined the Pioneers of Liberty, a Jewish anarchist organization. In New York, Mindlin went to work in a sweatshop, earning less than $6 ({{Inflation|US|6|start_year=1887|fmt=eq}}) for up to 80 hours of work per week. Unable to handle the stress of the job, she quit two months later and set off to the Midwestern United States.{{Sfn|Lewin Diament|2001|p=515}}

On July 7, 1886, Mindlin handed in her resignation notice and set off for Kansas. There, her uncle Chaim Mindlin had established the Lasker Colony, a small Jewish colony named after the German liberal Eduard Lasker, on land seized from the Osage Nation.{{Sfn|Lewin Diament|2001|pp=515-516}} Her train went through miles of dusty farmland before arriving in Lasker, which she discovered had been filled with wildflowers by the Jewish colonists. On August 5, 1886, she registered as a homesteader with Ford County. She had her own house and planted 9 acres of corn with the help of her brothers. On November 7, 1887, she married Jacob Livshis, first in a ceremony performed by a justice of the peace, followed by a traditional Jewish wedding.{{Sfn|Lewin Diament|2001|p=516}}

In 1888, Jacob and Annie Livshis moved to Chicago, where they got factory jobs in sweatshops. There the couple began organizing Jewish workers against the factories' exploitative working conditions, establishing a cloakmakers' trade union in 1890. That same year, they returned to their homestead on Lasker Colony, where they had two children: Peter ({{born in|March 1894}}) and Annie ({{born in|April 1897}}). Their son was born deaf and asthmatic and their daughter died while she was still young. By 1898, persistent drought had made farming impossible, so they left Lasker Colony and returned to Chicago.{{Sfn|Lewin Diament|2001|p=516}}

In Chicago, the Livshis family founded the American anarchist movement at its strongest. They established an anarchist reading group, named after the Ukrainian Jewish anarchist David Edelstadt, whose Yiddish poetry inspired them. Their home in Wicker Park became a centre for anarchists in Chicago. There, Annie Livshis hosted prominent anarchist intellectuals such as Abraham Cahan, Emma Goldman, Sadakichi Hartmann, Rudolf Rocker and Michael Zametkin.{{Sfn|Lewin Diament|2001|p=516}}

Livshis hosted members of her family and regularly received visits from her friends Lucy Parsons and Ben Reitman.{{Sfn|Lewin Diament|2001|pp=516-517}} She also opened their home to the anarchist writer Voltairine de Cleyre during the last years of her life, although she found living in the communal household difficult due to the constant activity.{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1978|1pp=220, 224-225|2a1=Lewin Diament|2y=2001|2pp=516-517}} When de Cleyre died in 1912, Livshis organised her funeral in Walheim Cemetery. She also published a pamphlet, In Memoriam: Voltairine de Cleyre, to raise money for the collection and publication of her deceased friend's work.{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1978|1p=237|2a1=Lewin Diament|2y=2001|2pp=516-517}}

During this period, she was also able to get her son an education, and found him a public elementary school with a program for deaf children. He later graduated from Tuley High School and attempted to further his education at the University of Chicago, but he was not able to keep up with the lectures. She cared for Peter and his wife Inez, who had met at a deaf club, and provided them with a home. After her husband's death in 1925, Livshis continued their anarchist activism. On her 80th birthday, she was praised by her son and the Russian anarchist Boris Yelensky, respectively for her devoted parenting and activism.{{Sfn|Lewin Diament|2001|p=517}} In 1950, Livshis, her son and daughter-in-law moved to Arvada, Colorado. She died there, on April 1, 1953, at the age of 89.{{Sfn|Lewin Diament|2001|pp=514, 517}}

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• {{cite book|last=Avrich|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Avrich|title=An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre|title-link=An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|year=1978|isbn=978-0-691-04657-0}}
• {{cite web|first1=Sarah|last1=Conrad|first2=Julie|last2=Herrada|url=https://findingaids.lib.umich.edu/catalog/umich-scl-ams0187|title=Annie and Jake Livshis Family Papers, Circa 1880s - 2000s|website=University of Michigan Library}}
• {{cite encyclopedia|last=Lewin Diament|first=Anna|editor-last1=Lunin Schultz|editor-first1=Rima|editor-last2=Hast|editor-first2=Adele|year=2001|title=Livshis, Anna Mindlin (Annie)|encyclopedia=Women building Chicago 1790-1990: A biographical dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/womenbuildingchi0000unse/page/514|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253338525|pages=514–517}}

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Category:1864 births

Category:1953 deaths

Category:20th-century Belarusian Jews

Category:American anarchists

Category:American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent

Category:Belarusian anarchists

Category:Belarusian Orthodox Jews

Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States

Category:Jewish anarchists

Category:People from Vitebsk Governorate