Antediluvian#In early geology

The Eridu Genesis is alleged to be the direct antecessor to the biblical flood as well as other Near Eastern flood stories, and reflects a similar religious and cultural relevance to their religion. Much as the Abrahamic religions, ancient Sumerians divided the world between pre-flood and post-flood eras, the former being a time where the God walked the earth with humans. Humans ceased to be immortal ever since Adam and Eve sinned, the flood was then punishment for the descendants of man because of their evil.van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem (1999), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (second ed.), Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company, {{ISBN|0-8028-2491-9}}{{Page needed|date=January 2020}}

File:Jacopo Bassano workshop - Animals boarding the Noah's Ark - Louvre.jpg prepares to leave the antediluvian world, Jacopo Bassano and assistants, 1579]]

In the Christian Bible, Hebrew Torah and Islamic Quran, the antediluvian period begins with the Fall of the first man and woman, according to Genesis and ends with the destruction of all life on the earth except those saved with Noah in the ark (Noah and his wife, his three sons and their wives). According to Bishop Ussher's 17th-century chronology, the antediluvian period lasted for 1656 years, from Creation (some say the fall of man) at 4004 BC to the Flood at 2348 BC.Abbott, W. M. (1990). "James Ussher and 'Ussherian' episcopacy, 1640–1656: the primate and his Reduction manuscript". Albion xxii: 237–259. The elements of the narrative include some of the best-known stories in the Bible – the creation, Adam and Eve, and Cain and Abel, followed by the genealogies tracing the descendants of Cain and Seth, the third mentioned son of Adam and Eve. (These genealogies provide the framework for the biblical chronology, in the form "A lived X years and begat B".)Ussher, J, 1650. Annals of the World: James Ussher's Classic Survey of World History {{ISBN|0-89051-360-0}} (Modern English republication, ed. Larry and Marion Pierce, Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 2003)

The Bible speaks of this era as being a time of great wickedness.{{Bibleref2|Genesis|6:4–5|KJV}} There were Gibborim (giants) in the earth in those days as well as Nephilim; some Bible translations identify the two as one and the same. The Gibborim were unusually powerful; Genesis calls them "mighty men which were of old, men of renown".Multi-version compare Genesis [http://studybible.info/compare/Genesis%206:4 6:4] & [http://studybible.info/compare/Genesis%206:5 6:5] The antediluvian period ended when God sent the Flood to wipe out all life except Noah, his family, and the animals they took with them. Nevertheless, the Nephilim (literally meaning 'fallen ones', from the Hebrew root n-f-l 'to fall') reappear much later in the biblical narrative, in Numbers {{Bibleref2-nb|Numbers|13:31–33|9}} (where the spies sent forth by Moses report that there were Nephilim or "giants" in the Promised Land).

File:Blue lias cliffs at Lyme Regis.jpg of "Secondary rock", Lyme Regis]]

File:Thomas Cole - Subsiding of the Waters of the Deluge - Smithsonian.jpg, 1829]]

Early scientific attempts at reconstructing the history of the Earth were founded on the biblical narrative and thus used the term antediluvian to refer to a period understood to be essentially similar to the biblical one.Rudwick, M. J. S (1992): Scenes from Deep Time: Early Pictorial Representations of the Prehistoric World, University of Chicago Press, 280 pages. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eM0xUqbjzs0C Excerpt] from Google Books Early scientific interpretation of the biblical narrative divided the antediluvian into sub-periods based on the six days of Creation:

• Pre-Adamitic (the first 5 days, Gen 1:1 to Gen 2:3)
• Primary (the formation of the physical universe and the earth)
• Secondary (creation of plants and animals)
• Adamitic (or Tertiary, from the Creation of man to the Great Flood; Gen 2:5 to Gen 7:8), corresponding to St. Augustine's First Age of his Six Ages of the World{{emc1|Graeme Dunphy|Six Ages of the World|1367–1370}}

Prior to the 19th century, rock was classified into three main types: primary or primitive (igneous and metamorphic rock), secondary (sedimentary rock) and tertiary (sediments). The primary rocks (like granite and gneiss) are void of fossils and were thought to be associated with the very creation of the world in the primary Pre-Adamitic period. The secondary rocks, often containing copious fossils, though human remains had not been found, were thought to have been laid down in the secondary Pre-Adamitic period. The Tertiary rocks (sediments) were thought to have been put down after Creation and possibly in connection to a flood event, and were thus associated with the Adamitic period.Gohau, G. (1991) A History of Geology (Revised edition). Rutgers University Press. 259 pages {{ISBN|0-8135-1666-8}} The Post-Flood period was termed the Quaternary, a name still in use in geology.

As mapping of the geological strata progressed in the early decades of the 19th century, the estimated lengths of the various sub-periods were greatly increased. The fossil rich Secondary Pre-Adamitic period was divided up into the Coal period, the Lias and the Chalk period, later expanded into the now-familiar geologic time scale of the Phanerozoic. The term antediluvian was used in natural science well into the 19th century and lingered in popular imagination despite increasingly detailed stratigraphy mapping the Earth's past, and was often used for the Pleistocene period, where humans existed alongside now extinct megafauna.

File:Thomas Cole - The Garden of Eden (1828).jpg by Thomas Cole, 1828. The lush vegetation and foggy atmosphere are typical of biblical interpretation of the antediluvian period.]]

File:Cole Thomas Expulsion from the Garden of Eden 1828.jpg, 1828]]

Writers such as William Whiston (A New Theory of the Earth, 1696) and Henry Morris (The Genesis Flood, 1961) who launched the modern Creationist movement described the antediluvian period as follows:{{cite book | first = William | last = Whiston | year = 1696 | title = A New Theory of the Earth, From its Original, to the Consummation of All Things, Where the Creation of the World in Six Days, the Universal Deluge, And the General Conflagration, As laid down in the Holy Scriptures, Are Shewn to be perfectly agreeable to Reason and Philosophy | publisher = Benjamin Tooke | location = London}}Morris, H. M. and Whitcomb, J. C. (1961). The Genesis Flood: The Biblical Record and Its Scientific Implications. Presbyterian & Reformed Publishing, Philadelphia, {{ISBN|0-8010-6004-4}}

• People lived much longer than those alive today, typically between 700 and 950 years, as reported in the genealogies of Genesis;
• The Earth contained many more people than it did in 1696. Whiston calculated that as many as 500 million humans may have been born in the antediluvian period, based on assumptions about lifespans and fertility rates;
• There were no clouds or rain. Instead, the Earth was watered by mists which rose from the Earth. (Another interpretation is that Earth was covered completely by a global cloud layer, which was the upper waters mentioned in the Creation. This is commonly called the vapor canopy view.)

However, there has since been debate among Creationists over the authenticity of arguments such as the one that there was no rain before the Flood and previous ideas about what the antediluvian world was like are constantly changing.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the understanding of the nature of early Earth went through a transformation from a biblical or deist interpretation to a naturalistic one. Even back in the early 18th century, Plutonists had argued for an ancient Earth, but the full impact of the depth of time involved in the Pre-Adamitic period was not commonly accepted until uniformitarianism as presented in Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology of 1830.[http://www.enotes.com/earth-science/uniformitarianism Uniformitarianism: World of Earth Science] While each period was understood to be a vast aeon, the narrative of the pre-Adamitic world was still influenced by the biblical storyline of creation in this transition. A striking example is a description from Memoires of Ichtyosauri and Plesiosauri, 1839, describing fossil species in a world with land, sea and vegetation, but before the creation of a separate sun and moon, corresponding to the third day of creation in the Genesis narrative:

{{blockquote|An "ungarnished and desolated world which echoed the flapping of [pterodactyl] leathern wings" was lit by "the angry light of supernatural fire", shining on a "sunless and moonless" world, before the creation of these heavenly "lights".Hawkins, T. (1834). Memoires of Ichtyosauri and Plesiosauri: Extinct Monsters of the Ancient Earth. Cited in Rudwick, 1992}}

A modern naturalistic view of the ancient world, along with the abandonment of the term 'antediluvian', came about with the works of Charles Darwin and Louis Agassiz in the 1860s.

File:Great Sea-Dragons.jpgs and pterosaurs battling in eternal darkness by Thomas Hawkins, 1840]]

From antiquity, fossils of large animals were often quoted as having lived together with the giants from the Book of Genesis: e.g. the Tannin or "great sea monsters" of Gen 1:21. They are often described in later books of the Bible, especially by God himself in the Book of Job: e.g. Re'em in verse 39:9, Behemoth in chapter 40 and Leviathan in chapter 41.[http://www.genesispark.com/genpark/bible/bible.htm "Dinosaurs in the Bible"]. Genesis Park.[http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0.htm Mechon-Mamre: A Hebrew–English Bible According to the Masoretic Text and the JPS 1917 Edition] With the advent of geological mapping in the early 19th century, it became increasingly obvious that many of the fossils associated with the "secondary" (sedimentary) rock were neither those of giant humans nor of any extant animals. These included large animals such as ichthyosaurs, mosasaurs, pliosaurs and the various giant mammals{{clarify|date=May 2021}} found when excavating the Catacombs of Paris. The geologists of the day increasingly came to use the term 'antediluvian' only for the younger strata containing fossils of animals resembling those alive today.Rudwick, M. J. S (1989). "Encounters with Adam, or at least the hyaenas: Nineteenth-century Visual Representation of Deep Past". In History, humanity and evolution: Essay for John C. Greene (ed. Moore, J. R.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 231–251

• The term is also used in the field of Assyriology for kings, according to some versions of the Sumerian king list, supposed to have reigned before the great flood.
• The adjective antediluvian is sometimes used figuratively to mean of great age or outmoded. H. P. Lovecraft was particularly fond of the term, using it frequently in his horror stories.
• In Charles Stross's novel Saturn's Children, the religious order who believe in evolution refer to the antediluvian period as the time in which man lived alongside Tyrannosaurs.
• Atlantis: The Antediluvian World is an 1882 book by Ignatius L. Donnelly that attempted to establish that all known ancient civilizations were descended from Atlantis. Many theories mentioned in the book are the source of modern-day concepts about Atlantis.
• In the tabletop role-playing game Vampire: The Masquerade, the Antediluvians are the early vampires that lived in the pre-flood world and the supposed progenitors of the original clans.
• In the television series Huntik: Secrets & Seekers, Antedeluvian is a powerful vampiric Titan, formerly used by Vlad the Impaler. He returns in the second series as the primary Titan of Harrison Fears, an evil Seeker, to whom he power-bonds.

• Book of Enoch
• Generations of Noah
• History of Earth

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Category:Primeval history

Category:Christian mythology

Category:Flood myths

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