Antegonial notch

The prominence of the antegonial notch varies considerably among individuals based on factors like age, sex, and ethnicity.{{Cite journal |last1=Porwolik |first1=M. |last2=Porwolik |first2=K. |last3=Domagała |first3=Z. A. |last4=Woźniak |first4=S. |last5=Dąbrowski |first5=P. |last6=Kacała |first6=R. |last7=Kordecki |first7=H. |last8=Chmielewski |first8=P. |last9=Faraj |first9=S. Abu |last10=Gworys |first10=B. |date=2015 |title=Typology of the antegonial notch in the human mandible |url=https://journals.viamedica.pl/folia_morphologica/article/view/38776 |journal=Folia Morphologica |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=365–371 |doi=10.5603/FM.2015.0055 |issn=1644-3284|doi-access=free |pmid=26339819 }} It typically presents as a shallow concavity but can occasionally be more pronounced. In adults, the depth of the notch varies with an average of 2.0±1.1 mm.{{Cite journal |last1=Kolodziej |first1=Ronald P. |last2=Southard |first2=Thomas E. |last3=Southard |first3=Karin A. |last4=Casko |first4=John S. |last5=Jakobsen |first5=Jane R. |date=2002-04-01 |title=Evaluation of antegonial notch depth for growth prediction |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0889540602830049 |journal=American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=357–363 |doi=10.1067/mod.2002.121561 |pmid=11997759 |issn=0889-5406}}{{Cite journal |last1=Schütz |first1=Christian |last2=Denes |first2=Balazs J. |last3=Kiliaridis |first3=Stavros |last4=Antonarakis |first4=Gregory S. |date=2022 |title=Mandibular antegonial notch depth in postpubertal individuals: A longitudinal cohort study |journal=Clinical and Experimental Dental Research |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=923–930 |doi=10.1002/cre2.577 |issn=2057-4347 |pmc=9382058 |pmid=35488722}} Its clinical importance stems primarily from its close relationship with the facial artery, a major vessel supplying blood to the face.

The facial artery typically crosses the inferior border of the mandible just anterior to the masseter muscle's insertion. In most instances, this crossing occurs at or in close proximity to the antegonial notch. This anatomical association has clinical relevance in various surgical procedures involving the face and mandible. The facial artery's pulse can be palpated against the mandible at this location.{{Citation |last1=Barral |first1=Jean-Pierre |title=16 - The facial artery |date=2011-01-01 |work=Visceral Vascular Manipulations |pages=143–146 |editor-last=Barral |editor-first=Jean-Pierre |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780702043512000168 |access-date=2024-12-20 |place=Oxford |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |doi=10.1016/b978-0-7020-4351-2.00016-8 |isbn=978-0-7020-4351-2 |last2=Croibier |first2=Alain |editor2-last=Croibier |editor2-first=Alain}}{{Cite journal |last1=Sykes |first1=Jonathan M. |last2=Riedler |first2=Kiersten L. |last3=Cotofana |first3=Sebastian |last4=Palhazi |first4=Peter |date=2020-08-01 |title=Superficial and Deep Facial Anatomy and Its Implications for Rhytidectomy |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1064740620300316 |journal=Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America |series=Facelift Surgical Techniques |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=243–251 |doi=10.1016/j.fsc.2020.03.005 |pmid=32503712 |issn=1064-7406}}

Certain craniofacial syndromes, such as hemifacial microsomia, can result in asymmetry or underdevelopment of the mandible, which may affect the appearance and prominence of the antegonial notch on the affected side.{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Ming |last2=Zhao |first2=Qing |last3=Chen |first3=Yang-Xi |date=2006-04-01 |title=[Dimensional differences in craniofacial morphologies of prepubescence Class II patients with deep and shallow mandibular antegonial notching] |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16704093/ |journal=Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi = Huaxi Kouqiang Yixue Zazhi = West China Journal of Stomatology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=142–145 |issn=1000-1182 |pmid=16704093}} Its morphology can also be affected by fractures, tumors and other pathological processes.{{cite book |last1=Gorlin |first1=Robert J. |title=Syndromes of the Head and Neck |last2=Cohen Jr. |first2=M. Michael |last3=Hennekam |first3=Raoul C.M. |date=2001-09-27 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974772-6 |page=}}{{Cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=M. H. |last2=Coccaro |first2=P. J. |last3=Converse |first3=J. M. |date=1976-10-01 |title=Antegonial notching of the mandible: an often overlooked mandibular deformity in congenital and acquired disorders |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/959529/ |journal=Radiology |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=149–151 |doi=10.1148/121.1.149 |issn=0033-8419 |pmid=959529}}

• Surgery: Surgeons performing procedures such as rhytidectomy (facelift surgery), orthognathic surgery (corrective jaw surgery), or managing mandibular trauma must be aware of the facial artery's position relative to the antegonial notch to prevent inadvertent injury.{{Cite journal |last1=Iwanaga |first1=Joe |last2=Shiromoto |first2=Koshi |last3=Tubbs |first3=R. Shane |date=2020-01-01 |title=Releasing incisions of the buccal periosteum adjacent to the lower molar teeth can injure the facial artery: an anatomical study |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00276-019-02319-3 |journal=Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=31–34 |doi=10.1007/s00276-019-02319-3 |pmid=31538246 |issn=1279-8517}}{{Cite book |last1=Proffit |first1=William R. |title=Contemporary treatment of dentofacial deformity |last2=White |first2=Raymond P. |last3=Sarver |first3=David M. |date=2003 |publisher=Mosby |isbn=978-0-323-01697-1 |location=St. Louis}}{{Cite book |title=Peterson's principles of oral and maxillofacial surgery |date=2012 |publisher=People's medical publ. house |isbn=978-1-60795-111-7 |edition=3rd |location=Shelton}}
• Radiology: The antegonial notch serves as a useful anatomical landmark when interpreting radiographs (X-rays) and computed tomography (CT) scans of the mandible.
• Forensic Science: In certain cases, the antegonial notch may be employed as a reference point in forensic facial reconstruction.
• The depth of antegonial notch is an indicator of mandibular growth potential.{{Cite journal |last1=Kolodziej |first1=Ronald P. |last2=Southard |first2=Thomas E. |last3=Southard |first3=Karin A. |last4=Casko |first4=John S. |last5=Jakobsen |first5=Jane R. |date=2002-04-01 |title=Evaluation of antegonial notch depth for growth prediction |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11997759/ |journal=American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=357–363 |doi=10.1067/mod.2002.121561 |issn=0889-5406 |pmid=11997759}}{{Cite journal |last1=Singer |first1=C. P. |last2=Mamandras |first2=A. H. |last3=Hunter |first3=W. S. |date=1987-02-01 |title=The depth of the mandibular antegonial notch as an indicator of mandibular growth potential |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3468794/ |journal=American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.1016/0889-5406(87)90468-9 |issn=0889-5406 |pmid=3468794}}

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Category:Bones of the head and neck

Category:Facial bones

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