Anthroposophic medicine

{{multiple image

|header=Co-founders of anthroposophic medicine|align=right

|image1=Steiner Berlin 1900 big.jpg|width1=100|alt1=Rudolf Steiner in Berlin in 1900|caption1=Rudolf Steiner

|image2=Ita Wegman 1899.jpg|width2=110|alt2=Ita Wegman in 1899|caption2=Ita Wegman

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File:Ita Wegman vor1900.jpg

According to Egil Asprem, "Steiner's teachings had a clear authoritarian ring, and developed a rather crass polemic against 'materialism', 'liberalism', and cultural 'degeneration'. [...] For example, anthroposophical medicine was developed to contrast with the 'materialistic' (and hence 'degenerate') medicine of the establishment."{{cite book | last=Asprem | first=Egil | title=The Problem of Disenchantment: Scientific Naturalism and Esoteric Discourse, 1900-1939 | publisher=State University of New York Press | series=SUNY series in Western Esoteric Traditions | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-4384-6992-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2e9dDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA494 | access-date=18 May 2024 | page=494}} According to Anthroposophy, mainstream medical science is Ahrimanic.{{cite journal | last=Al-Faruqi | first=Ismail Il Raji | journal=Biosciences Communications | publisher=S. Karger | volume=3 | issue=1 | year=1977 | title=Moral values in medicine and science | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09hEAAAAYAAJ | access-date=15 March 2024 | pages=56–58 | issn=0302-2781 | quote=Medical science is Ahrimanic in that it treats the body solely as a mechanism, having no knowledge of or concern with the etheric structure, that invisible field of force and energy which all too often is found to be the seat of disease.}}

The first steps towards an anthroposophic approach to medicine were made before 1920, when homeopathic physicians and pharmacists began working with Rudolf Steiner, who recommended new medicinal substances as well as specific methods for preparation along with an anthroposophic concept of man. In 1921, Ita Wegman opened the first anthroposophic medical clinic, now known as the Klinik Arlesheim,{{Cite web|last=Lavender|first=Paul|date=2010|title=Swiss Pioneers in Science and Medicine|url=https://misc.karger.com/gazette/71/wegman/art_06.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-30|website=|series=Karger Gazette No 71|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130203226/https://misc.karger.com/gazette/71/wegman/art_06.html |archive-date=2021-11-30 }} in Arlesheim, Switzerland. Wegman was soon joined by several other doctors. They then began to train the first anthroposophic nurses for the clinic.

At Wegman's request, Steiner regularly visited the clinic and suggested treatment regimes for particular patients. Between 1920 and 1925, he also gave several series of lectures on medicine. In 1925, Wegman and Steiner wrote the first book on the anthroposophic approach to medicine, Fundamentals of Therapy.{{Cite journal |last=Engel |first=Peter B. |date=1961-07-01 |title=Rudolf Steiner's medical thinking and its relationship to homœopathy |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007078561800641 |journal=British Homoeopathic Journal |language=en |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=185–190 |doi=10.1016/S0007-0785(61)80064-1 |s2cid=71971482 |issn=0007-0785}}{{Cite journal |last=Intveen |first=Andrea |editor-first1=Jane |editor-last1=Edwards |date=2015-06-09 |title=Rudolf Steiner and the development of Anthroposophical Music Therapy |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639755.013.3 |journal=Oxford Handbooks Online |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639755.013.3}}

Wegman later opened a separate clinic and curative home in Ascona. Wegman lectured widely, visiting the Netherlands and England particularly frequently, and an increasing number of doctors began to include the anthroposophic approach in their practices. A cancer clinic, the Lukas Clinic, opened in Arlesheim in 1963.[http://www.lukasklinik.ch/cms.asp?IDN=133&H='106'&T=0&Sprache=en Lukas Clinic] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630090414/http://www.lukasklinik.ch/cms.asp?IDN=133&H=%27106%27&T=0&Sprache=en |date=June 30, 2006 }}. Accessed 2007-12-26.

In 1976 anthroposophic medicine in Germany got regulated by law as a specific therapeutic system ("Besondere Therapierichtung") by the Medicines Act-Arzneimittelgesetz (AMG) and by the Code of Social Law (Sozialgesetzbuch V){{cite web | url=http://nafkam-lovgivning.uit.no/anthroposophic-medicine-in-germany/ | title=Anthroposophic medicine in Germany | access-date=2015-09-21 | date=2012-12-31 | work= NAFKAM's website on the regulation of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in 39 European/EU countries | publisher=NAFKAM }}

In the 1990s, the Witten/Herdecke University in Germany established a chair in anthroposophical medicine. The press described the appointment as a "death sentence," and the perception that pseudoscience was being taught damaged the university's reputation, bringing it close to financial collapse. It was ultimately saved by a cash injection from Software AG, a technology corporation with a history of funding anthroposophic projects.{{cite news

|newspaper=The Observer

|first1=Robin

|last1=McKie

|first2=Laura

|last2=Hartmann

|date=29 April 2012

|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/apr/29/holistic-unit-tarnish-aberdeen-university-reputation

|title=Holistic unit will 'tarnish' Aberdeen University reputation}}

In 2012, the University of Aberdeen considered establishing a chair in holistic health jointly funded by Software AG and the Anthroposophic Health, Education, and Social Care Movement, each of which would provide £1.5 million of endowment. Edzard Ernst commented, "that any decent university should even consider an anthroposophical medicine unit seems incomprehensible. The fact that it would be backed by people who have a financial interest in this bogus approach makes it even worse." The university's governance and nominations committee eventually decided not to proceed with the appointment.{{cite journal|last=Jump|first=Paul|date=11 May 2012|title=Aberdeen decides against alternative medicine chair|journal=Times Higher Education Supplement|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/419909.article}}

The categorization of anthroposophical medicine is complex since, in part, it complements conventional medicine, and in part, it substitutes for it.{{cite journal|doi=10.1159/000093481|pmid=16883076|title=Anthroposophische Medizin: Health Technology Assessment Bericht – Kurzfassung|year=2006|last1=Kienle|first1=Gunver S.|last2=Kiene|first2=Helmut|last3=Albonico|first3=Hans Ulrich|journal=Forschende Komplementärmedizin|volume=13|issue=2|pages=7–18|s2cid=72253140|quote=teils ergänzend und teils ersetzend zur konventionellen Medizin}} Cited in {{cite journal|pmid=18540325|year=2008|last1=Ernst|first1=E|title=Anthroposophic medicine: A critical analysis|volume=150|pages=1–6|journal=MMW Fortschritte der Medizin|issue=Suppl 1 }} In 2008, Ernst wrote that it was being promoted as an "extension to conventional medicine".

Ernst writes that Steiner used imagination and insight as a basis for his ideas, drawing mystical knowledge from the occult Akashic Records, a work which is supposedly situated on the astral plane, and which Steiner said was accessible to him via his intuitive powers. On this basis, Steiner proposed "associations between four postulated dimensions of the human body (physical body, etheric body, astral body, and ego), plants, minerals, and the cosmos".{{cite journal|doi=10.1136/bmj.39055.493958.80|title=Mistletoe as a treatment for cancer|year=2006|last1=Ernst|first1=E.|journal=BMJ|volume=333|issue=7582|pages=1282–3|pmid=17185706|pmc=1761165}} Steiner also proposed a connection betweens planets, metals and organs so that, for example, the planet Mercury, the element mercury and the lung were all somehow associated. These propositions form the basis of anthroposophical medicine.

Ernst has said that anthroposophical medicine "includes some of the least plausible theories one could possibly imagine",{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.2042-7166.2007.tb04893.x|title=Anthroposophic Medicine|year=2010|last1=Ernst|first1=E|journal=Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies|volume=12|page=66}} categorized it as "pure quackery", and said that it "has no basis in science". According to Quackwatch, anthroposophical medicine practitioners regard illness as a "rite of passage" necessary to purge spiritual impurities carried over from past lives, according to the precepts of "karmic destiny".{{cite web|url=http://www.quackwatch.org/11Ind/steiner.html|title=Rudolf Steiner's Quackery|last=Rawlings|first=Roger|date=23 July 2012|publisher=QuackWatch|access-date=10 September 2012}}

Anthroposophical MDs think diseases are caused primarily by karma and demons, rather than materialistic causes.{{Cite web |last=Mission interministérielle de vigilance et de lutte contre les dérives sectaires |author-link=MIVILUDES |date=28 April 2023 |title=Rapport d'activité 2021 |url=https://www.miviludes.interieur.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/publications/francais/MIVILUDES-RAPPORT2021_web_%2027_04_2023%20_0.pdf |pages=72–74 |language=fr |accessdate=2024-07-19 |archive-date=2024-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721001825/https://www.miviludes.interieur.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/publications/francais/MIVILUDES-RAPPORT2021_web_%2027_04_2023%20_0.pdf |url-status=dead}} The Gospel of Luke is their main handbook of medical science; this makes them believe they have magical powers, and that medicine is essentially a form of magic. The professional French organization of Anthroposophic MDs has sued Grégoire Perra, the author of such claims; they have been condemned to pay 25,000 Euros in damages for abusively suing him.

File:Weleda products displayed in Drogasil Ilhéus-Bahia-Brazil 2021.jpg anthroposophic products sold in Brazil]]

In anthroposophic pharmacy, drugs are prepared according to notions of alchemy and homeopathy rather than the science underlying modern pharmacology. During the preparation process, patterns formed by crystallization are interpreted to see which "etheric force" they most closely resemble.{{cite book|first=Dan|last=Dugan|editor=Michael Shermer|chapter=Anthroposophy and Anthroposophical Medicine|title=The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr4snwg7iaEC&pg=PA31|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-653-8|pages=31–32|date=2002-01-01}} Most anthroposophic preparations are highly diluted, akin to homeopathic remedies. This means that, while they are completely harmless in themselves, using them in place of conventional medicine to treat serious illness carries a risk of severe adverse consequences.{{cite journal|pmid=18540325|year=2008|last1=Ernst|first1=E|title=Anthroposophic medicine: A critical analysis|volume=150|pages=1–6|journal=MMW Fortschritte der Medizin|issue=Suppl 1 }}

As well as drug remedies, anthroposophical medicine also includes:

• Anthroposophic nursing
• Counselling
• Eurythmy – claimed to affect "inner life functions" leading to a "re-integration of body, soul, and spirit".{{cite book | title=Integrative Oncology | publisher=Oxford University Press | last1=Heusser|first1= Peter |last2=Kienle |first2=Gunver Sophia| chapter=Anthroposophic medicine, integrative oncology, and mistletoe therapy of cancer |editor1-last=Abrams|editor2-last=Weil|editor2-first=Andrew |editor2-link=Andrew Weil |editor1-first=Donald |year=2009 |series=Weil Integrative Medicine Library |page=327 |isbn=978-0-19-988585-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0D-WlrrV520C&pg=PT251}}
• External applications
• Rhythmic massages

To select an anthroposophic substance for a particular illness, practitioners consider the source of the substances used. The character of a mineral, plant, or animal is hypothesised to have been formed by the substances that are most active within it, in the belief that this character may also influence what the substance will accomplish when given to treat another organism. This is related to the doctrine of signatures. Willow, for example, is considered to have an unusual character:

{{Blockquote|... plants that grow near water are usually heavy, with big, dark green leaves that wilt and break easily. An exception is ... the white willow, a tree that always grows near water and loves light. However, unlike other "watery" plants, the willow has fine, almost dry leaves and looks very light ... Its branches are unbelievably tough. They are elastic and cannot be broken. They bend easily and form "joints" rather than break. These few signatures can give us the clue to what salix can be used for therapeutically: arthritis, deformation of joints, swollen joints ...{{cite web

|url=http://www.skepdic.com/anthroposophicmedicine.html

|work=The Skeptics Dictionary

|title=Anthroposophic medicine

|access-date=29 October 2013

|first=Robert Todd

|last=Carroll

|date=21 May 2012}}}}

There is no scientific evidence that the shape of plants has ever caused a new medical property to be discovered.{{cite journal |last=Bennett |first=Bradley C. |year=2007 |title= Doctrine of Signatures: An Explanation of Medicinal Plant Discovery or Dissemination of Knowledge? |journal=Economic Botany |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=246–255 |doi=10.1663/0013-0001(2007)61[246:DOSAEO]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=28292316 }}

Steiner described the heart not as a pump but as a regulator of flow, such that the heartbeat itself can be distinguished from the circulation of blood.{{cite web |last1=Jarvis |first1=William T. |authorlink1=William T. Jarvis |title=Anthroposophical Medicine |url=https://quackwatch.org/ncahf/articles/a-b/anthro/ |website=Quackwatch |date=15 January 2001 }} Anthroposophic medicine claims the flow of blood of the circulatory system is, as Marinelli put it, "propelled with its own biological momentum, as can be seen in the embryo, and boosts itself with induced momenta from the heart".{{cite journal |last1=Marinelli |first1=Ralph |last2=Fuerst |first2=Branko |last3=van der Zee |first3=Hoyte |last4=McGinn |first4=Andrew |last5=Marinelli |first5=William |title=The heart is not a pump: a refutation of the pressure propulsion premise of heart function |journal=Frontier Perspectives |volume=5 |issue=1 |date=1995 |pages=15–24 |s2cid=53615222 |url=http://www.trigunamedia.com/The%20heart%20is%20not%20a%20pump.pdf }}{{cite book|last1=Furst|first1=Branko|title=The Heart and Circulation|date=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4471-5277-4 |oclc=868250054 }}{{page needed|date=November 2021}}

This view of the heart is not based on any scientific theory and has been characterized as "crank science".

Steiner believed that the sex of a baby was determined at the moment of conception by the alignment of the stars.{{cite book|author=Jean-Marie Abgrall|title=Healing Or Stealing?: Medical Charlatans in the New Age|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kel6_1aN5JwC&pg=PA89|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-1-892941-28-2|pages=87–96|chapter=Steiner's Heirs}}

Steiner's model of anatomy was based on a three-part notion whereby the head is the "thinking part," the abdomen and limbs the "metabolic part," and the chest and heart a "rhythmic center".

According to Dan Dugan, Steiner challenged established science in the following ways:

1. by supporting vitalism;
2. by doubting germ theory;{{cite book | first=Dan | last=Dugan | editor-last=Shermer | editor-first=Michael | editor2-last=Linse | editor2-first=Pat | title=The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience | publisher=ABC-CLIO | issue=v. 1 | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-57607-653-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr4snwg7iaEC&pg=PA32 | pages=31–33 | quote=In physics, Steiner championed Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s color theory over Isaac Newton, and he called relativity “brilliant nonsense.” In astronomy, he taught that the motions of the planets were caused by the relationships of the spiritual beings that inhabited them. In biology, he preached vitalism and doubted germ theory.}}
3. by ignoring physiological systems;
4. by hypothesizing that "the heart is not a pump".{{cite book|first=Dan|last=Dugan|editor1-last=Flynn|editor1-first=Tom|editor2-last=Dawkins|editor2-first=Richard|title=The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief|year=2007|publisher=Prometheus Books, Publishers|isbn=9781615922802|pages=74–75|url=http://www.waldorfcritics.org/articles/Anthroposophy.html|quote=Anthroposophical pseudoscience is easy to find in Waldorf schools. “Goethean science” is supposed to be based only on observation, without “dogmatic” theory. Because observations make no sense without a relationship to some hypothesis, students are subtly nudged in the direction of Steiner’s explanations of the world. Typical departures from accepted science include the claim that Goethe refuted Newton’s theory of color, Steiner’s unique “threefold” systems in physiology, and the oft-repeated doctrine that “the heart is not a pump” (blood is said to move itself).}}

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Steiner hospitals in Germany became notorious amongst healthcare authorities for forcing quack remedies on sedated hospital patients, some of whom were critically ill. Remedies used included ginger poultices and homeopathic pellets claimed to contain the dust of shooting stars. Stefan Kluge, the director of intensive care medicine at Hamburg's University Medical Centre, said the claims of anthroposophic providers during the pandemic were "highly unprofessional" and that they "risk[ed] causing uncertainty among patients".{{cite news |newspaper=The Guardian |title=Ginger root and meteorite dust: the Steiner 'Covid cures' offered in Germany |vauthors=Oltermann P |date= 10 January 2021|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/10/ginger-root-and-meteorite-dust-the-steiner-covid-cures-offered-in-germany}}

File:Mistletoe Berries Uk.jpg

{{See also|List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments}}

Rudolf Steiner conjectured that mistletoe could cure cancer based on the observation that the plant was a parasite that eventually killed its host—a process he claimed paralleled the progression of cancer. Steiner believed the plant's medical potential was influenced by the position of the sun, moon, and planets and that it was important to harvest the plant at the right time.{{cite book|author=James S. Olson|title=Bathsheba's Breast: Women, Cancer, and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gp9aMBieClMC&pg=PA452|access-date=1 September 2013|date=5 January 2005|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8064-3|page=452}} Some mistletoe preparations are ultra-diluted; others are made from fermented mistletoe. The most commonly used trade names for mistletoe drugs are Iscador and Helixor.

Although laboratory experiments have suggested that mistletoe extract may affect the immune system and be able to kill some kinds of cancer cells, there is little evidence of its benefit to people with cancer.{{cite journal |vauthors=Horneber MA, Bueschel G, Huber R, Linde K, Rostock M |title=Mistletoe therapy in oncology |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=2 |pages=CD003297 |year=2008 |volume=2020 |pmid=18425885 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003297.pub2 |type=Systematic review|quote=The review found that there was not enough evidence to reach clear conclusions about the effects on any of these outcomes and it is therefore not clear to what extent the application of mistletoe extracts translates into improved symptom control, enhanced tumour response or prolonged survival.|pmc=7144832 }} Most of the clinical research claiming that mistletoe therapy is effective is published in Germany, and it is generally considered unreliable because of major lapses in quality.{{cite web |url=http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/patient/mistletoe-pdq#section/_2 |title=Questions and Answers About Mistletoe |publisher=National Cancer Institute |access-date=3 December 2015 |date=24 March 2015}} Edzard Ernst wrote that research by anthroposophic clinicians often reached positive conclusions on mistletoe therapy because it drew on unreliable material; independent researchers tended instead to find no evidence of benefit. The American Cancer Society says that "available evidence from well-designed clinical trials does not support claims that mistletoe can improve length or quality of life".{{cite book |publisher=American Cancer Society |title=American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies |edition=2nd |year=2009 |isbn=9780944235713 |editor1=Russell J |editor2=Rovere A |pages=[https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse/page/424 424–428] |chapter=Mistletoe |quote=Available evidence from well-designed clinical trials does not support claims that mistletoe can improve length or quality of life. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse/page/424 }}

Mistletoe-based cancer drugs are widely used in Europe, especially in German-speaking countries. In 2002, nearly half a million prescriptions were paid for by German health insurance, and in 2006, there were reportedly around 30 types of mistletoe extract on the market. Mistletoe extracts have been used as an unconventional treatment for cancer patients in the Netherlands, and in Germany the treatment has been approved as palliative therapy to treat the symptoms of patients with malignant tumors. In Sweden, controversially, mistletoe therapy has been approved for use in the treatment of cancer symptoms.[http://svenskfarmaci.se/lakemedel/unikt-klartecken-for-antroposofiskt-lakemedel/ "Unique green light for anthroposophical drug"], Svensk Farmaci

In other countries, mistletoe therapy is virtually unknown. The United States Food and Drug Administration has not approved mistletoe-based drugs for any purpose; mistletoe extracts may not be distributed in or imported to the U.S. except for research purposes. {{as of|2015}} no mistletoe-based drugs are licensed for use in the United Kingdom.{{citation |author=Johnson H |publisher=UK Medicines Information |title=What is the evidence for subcutaneous mistletoe extract in the treatment of cancer? |date=2 January 2015 |url=http://www.medicinesresources.nhs.uk/GetDocument.aspx?pageId=777217 |format=doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208125032/http://www.medicinesresources.nhs.uk/GetDocument.aspx?pageId=777217 |archive-date=8 December 2015 }}

A 2013 article on mistletoe in Lancet Oncology invoked Ben Goldacre's observation that a geographical preference for certain therapies was a hallmark of quackery, and proposed that the continuing use of this "apparently ineffectual therapy" in a small cluster of countries was based on sociological rather than medical reasons, indicating a need for a more informed consent from patients.{{cite journal |vauthors=de Giorgio A, Stebbing J |title=Mistletoe: for cancer or just for Christmas? |journal=Lancet Oncol. |volume=14 |issue=13 |pages=1264–5 |year=2013 |pmid=24275128 |doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70560-6 }}

{{see also|Vaccine hesitancy}}

The risks arising from using anthroposophical medicine as a substitute for evidence-based medicine are exemplified by several cases of low vaccination levels in Waldorf schools, since some anthroposophical doctors oppose immunization.{{cite journal |last1=Ernst |first1=Edzard |title=Anthroposophy: A Risk Factor for Noncompliance With Measles Immunization |journal=Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal |date=March 2011 |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=187–189 |doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e3182024274 |pmid=21102363 |quote=Anthroposophic medicine was founded by Steiner and Ita Wegman in the early 20th century. Currently, it is being promoted as an extension of conventional medicine. }} A 1999 study of children in Sweden showed that in Waldorf schools, only 18% had received MMR vaccination, compared to a level of 93% in other schools nationally.

A 2003 report of a widespread measles outbreak around Coburg, Germany, identified a Waldorf school as the origin. At the time, the town's mayor had condemned homeopathic doctors who had discouraged vaccination, saying, "Their stronghold is the Waldorf School, which actively encourages people not to have their children vaccinated. Now we have an epidemic."{{cite news|title=Anti-vaccine town struck by measles epidemic|newspaper=The Times|date=6 March 2002|page=3|first=Alan|last=Hall}}

Paul Offit wrote that Steiner believed vaccination "interferes with karmic development and the cycles of reincarnation", and that adherence to this belief led to a 2008 pertussis outbreak in a Californian Waldorf school, causing its temporary closure.{{cite book|author=Offit, Paul A. |author-link=Paul Offit |title=Deadly Choices: How the Anti-Vaccine Movement Threatens Us All|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465021499|url-access=registration |year=2011|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-02356-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465021499/page/13 13]}}

• Alternative cancer treatments
• Herbalism
• Holistic health

{{reflist}}

• {{cite journal|pmid=15038403|year=2004|last1=Ernst|first1=E|title=Anthroposophical medicine: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials|volume=116|issue=4|pages=128–30|journal=Wiener klinische Wochenschrift|doi=10.1007/bf03040749|s2cid=7435250}}
• {{cite journal|pmid=17507307|year=2007|last1=Kienle|first1=GS|last2=Kiene|first2=H|title=Complementary cancer therapy: A systematic review of prospective clinical trials on anthroposophic mistletoe extracts|volume=12|issue=3|pages=103–19|journal=European Journal of Medical Research}}
• Anthroposophical medicine in {{cite book|first1=Simon|last1=Singh|first2=Edzard|last2=Ernst|title=Trick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on Trial|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWnR1JI7G6gC&pg=PT135|date=6 October 2009|publisher=Transworld|isbn=978-1-4090-8180-7|page=135}}

• Broken Vessels: The Spiritual Structure of Human Frailty, Michael Lipson (ed.). {{ISBN|0-88010-503-8}}.
• Fundamentals of Anthroposophical Medicine, {{ISBN|0-936132-80-9}}.
• Geographic medicine: The secret of the double. {{ISBN|0-936132-06-X}}
• The Healing Process: Spirit, Nature & Our Bodies, Catherine E. Creeger (ed.). {{ISBN|0-88010-474-0}}
• Introducing Anthroposophical Medicine (Foundations of Anthroposophical Medicine, v. 1). {{ISBN|0-88010-463-5}}
• Medicine: An Introductory Reader, Andrew Maendl (ed.). {{ISBN|1-85584-133-9}}
• Occult Physiology {{ISBN|1-85584-141-X}}
• Pastoral Medicine: The Collegial Working of Doctors and Priests. {{ISBN|0-88010-253-5}}

{{Commons category}}

• [http://medicine.rsarchive.org Medical Section at the Rudolf Steiner Archive, An Online Library]
• [http://www.anthromed.org Anthroposophic Medical Library, An Online Resource]

{{Pseudoscience}}

{{Alternative medicine|state=collapsed}}

{{Anthroposophy series}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anthroposophic Medicine}}

Category:Alternative medical systems

Category:Anthroposophic medicine practitioners

Category:Anthroposophy

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