Anti-foundationalism#Anti-essentialism

Anti-foundationalism (also called nonfoundationalism) is any philosophy which rejects a foundationalist approach. An anti-foundationalist is one who does not believe that there is some fundamental belief or principle which is the basic ground or foundation of inquiry and knowledge.J. Childers/G. Hentzi, The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism (1995) p. 100

Anti-foundationalism can be metaphysical (positing a ground of being or metaphysical foundation), ethical (positing some value or virtue as fundamental), epistemological (i.e. the foundationalist theory of justification) or apply to some other field with foundationalist theories.

Anti-essentialism

Anti-foundationalists use logical or historical or genealogical attacks on foundational concepts (see especially Nietzsche and Foucault), often coupled with alternative methods for justifying and forwarding intellectual inquiry, such as the pragmatic subordination of knowledge to practical action.J. Childers/G. Hentzi, The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism (1995) p. 240-1 Foucault dismissed the search for a return to origins as Platonic essentialism, preferring to stress the contingent nature of human practices.Gary Gutting ed., The Cambridge Companion to Foucault (2007) p. 34

Anti-foundationalists oppose metaphysical methods. Moral and ethical anti-foundationalists are often criticized for moral relativism, but anti-foundationalists often dispute this charge, offering alternative methods of moral thought that they claim do not require foundations. Thus while Charles Taylor accused Foucault of having "no order of human life, or way we are, or human nature, that one can appeal to in order to judge or evaluate between ways of life", Foucault nevertheless insists on the need for continuing ethical enquiry without any universal system to appeal to.J. W. Bernauer/M.Mahon, 'Michel Foucault's Ethical Imagination', in Gutting ed., p. 149-50

Niklas Luhmann used cybernetics to challenge the role of foundational unities and canonical certainties.Niklas Luhmann, Theories of Distinction (2002) p. 192 and p. 110-12

Totalisation and legitimation

Anti-foundationalists oppose totalising visions of social, scientific or historical reality, considering them to lack legitimation,R. Appignanesi/C. Garratt, Postmodernism for beginners (Cambridge 1995) p. 105-9 and preferring local narratives instead. No social totality but a multitude of local and concrete practices; "not a history but at best histories".E. D. Ermath, Sequel to History (Princeton 1992) p. 56-66 In such neopragmatism, there is no overall truth, merely an ongoing process of better and more fruitful methods of edification.J. Childers/G. Hentzi, The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism (1995) p. 241 Even our most taken-for-granted categories for social analysis—of gender, sex, race, and class—are considered by anti-essentialists like Marjorie Garber as social constructs.Adam Phillips, On Flirtation (1994) p. 122-130

Hope and fear

Stanley Fish distinguishes between what he calls "antifoundationalist theory hope" and "antifoundationalist theory fear"—finding them however both equally illusory.H. Aram Veeser ed., The Stanley Fish Reader (1999) p. 94-5

Fear of the corrosive effects of antifoundationalism was widespread in the late twentieth century, anticipating such things as a cultural meltdown and moral anarchy,Ermath, p. 58-62 or (at the least) a loss of the necessary critical distance to allow for leverage against the status quo.M. Hardt/K. Weeks eds., The Jameson Reader (2000) p. 227 For Fish, however, the threat of a loss of objective standards of rational enquiry with the disappearance of any founding principle was a false fear: far from opening the way to an unbridled subjectivity, antifoundationalism leaves the individual firmly entrenched within the conventional context and standards of enquiry/dispute of the discipline/profession/habitus within which s/he is irrevocably placed.Veeser ed., p. 94

By the same token, however, the antifoundationalist hope of escaping local situations through awareness of the contingency of all such situations—through recognition of the conventional/rhetorical nature of all claims to master principles—that hope is to Fish equally foredoomed by the very nature of the situational consciousness, the all-embracing social and intellectual context, in which every individual is separately enclosed.Veeser ed., p. 196-7 and p. 213

Fish has also noted how, in contradistinction to hopes of an emancipatory outcome from antifoundationalism, anti-essentialist theories arguing for the absence of a transcontextual point of reference have been put to conservative and neo-conservative, as well as progressive, ends.Stanley Fish, Professional Correctness (1995) p. 130 and p. x Thus, for example, John Searle has offered an account of the construction of social reality fully compatible with the acceptance stance of "the man who is at home in his society, the man who is chez lui in the social institutions of the society...as comfortable as the fish in the sea".John R. Searle, The Construction of Social Reality (Penguin 1996)p. 147

Criticism

Anti-foundationalists have been criticised for attacking all general claims except their own; for offering a localizing rhetoric contradicted in practice by their own globalizing style.Nicos P. Mouzelis, Sociological Theory: What went Wrong? (1995) p. 43-4

Edward Said condemned radical anti-foundationalism for excessive cultural relativism and overdependence on the linguistic turn at the expense of human realities.Tony Judt, Reappraisals (2008) p. 164