Antichresis

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Antichresis, under civil law and Roman law, is a contract whereby a debtor pledges (i.e., conveys possession of but not title to) real property to a creditor, allowing the use and occupation of the pledged property, in lieu of interest on the loan.

Historically, antichresis was used in Ancient Mesopotamia (Akkad, Assyria, Babylonia) and by the Greeks and the Romans{{Cite journal |last1=Bobbink |first1=R. |last2=Mauer |first2=Q. |date=2019-12-19 |title=Antichresis: a comparative study of classical Roman law and the contractual praxis from Roman Egypt |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/lega/87/4/article-p356_1.xml |journal=Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'histoire du droit / The Legal History Review |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=356–383 |doi=10.1163/15718190-00870A03 |issn=0040-7585|hdl=2066/213820 |s2cid=211324827 |hdl-access=free }} and it is still widely used in Bolivia.{{Cite journal |last1=Navarro |first1=Ignacio |last2=Turnbull |first2=Geoffrey K. |date=2010-01-01 |title=Antichresis leases: Theory and empirical evidence from the Bolivian experience |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016604620900074X |journal=Regional Science and Urban Economics |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=33–44 |doi=10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2009.09.001 |issn=0166-0462|url-access=subscription }} After the Western Church banned interest loans, it became a favored method of securing loans in early medieval society and was known in England as the gage of land (OFr gage, MLG sate, Germ Satzung). There were two variants: (1) the living gage (OFr vif gage, Germ Zinssatzung{{Cite journal |last=Brunner |first=Heinrich |date=1896 |title=Pollock and Maitland's History of English Law |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2139936 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=534–544 |doi=10.2307/2139936 |jstor=2139936 |issn=0032-3195|url-access=subscription }}), under which the income and profits coming from the estate went towards reducing the loan's principal; and (2) the dead gage (OFr mort gage, MLG dotsate, Germ Totsatzung), under which the income and profits were taken only as interest. The latter form underlies the modern antichresis.

If the creditor is a debtor, he can sell the rights of antichresis to another creditor (Lat subpignus, Germ Unterpfand, It suppegno).