Apitherapy

References to possible medical properties of bee products can be found in Chinese, Korean, Russian, Egyptian, and Greek traditional medicine practices.{{cite journal|pmc=4549745|year=2015|last1=Silva|first1=J|title=Pharmacological Alternatives for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Wasp and Bee Venoms and Their Components as New Neuroactive Tools|journal=Toxins|volume=7|issue=8|pages=3179–3209|last2=Monge-Fuentes|first2=V|last3=Gomes|first3=F|last4=Lopes|first4=K|last5=Dos Anjos|first5=L|last6=Campos|first6=G|last7=Arenas|first7=C|last8=Biolchi|first8=A|last9=Gonçalves|first9=J|last10=Galante|first10=P|last11=Campos|first11=L|last12=Mortari|first12=M|doi=10.3390/toxins7083179|pmid=26295258|doi-access=free}}{{cite book|title=Russian Federation; In: WHO Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Part 2; page 136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VO8K9h9GvaoC&pg=PA136|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=8 September 2017|date=2005|isbn=978-9241562867}} Apitherapy has been practiced since the times of Hippocrates and Galen.{{cite book |last1=Wilcox |first1=Christie |title=Venomous: How Earth's Deadliest Creatures Mastered Biochemistry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUsBCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 |date=9 August 2016 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-71221-1 |page=186}} Modern use of bee venom appears to have originated with Austrian physician, Philipp Terč, and his 1888 article "About a Peculiar Connection Between the Bee Stings and Rheumatism",{{cite journal |last1=Terč |first1=Philipp |date=26 August 1888 |title=Ueber eine merkwürdige Beziehung des Bienenstichs zum Rheumatismus |trans-title=About a Peculiar Connection Between the Bee stings and Rheumatism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNAcAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1261 |journal=Wiener Medizinische Press |volume=29 |issue=35 |pages=1261–1263 |language=de |publisher=Urban & Schwarzenberg}} but his claims were never tested in proper clinical trials.{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Bee |date=June 2006 |orig-year=2004 |title=The Hive: The Story of the Honeybee and Us |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312342616/page/216/ |publisher=Thomas Dunne Books |edition=1st U.S. |isbn=0-312-34261-6 |via=Internet Archive}} More recent alternative medicine practice is attributed to the Hungarian physician Bodog F. Beck who coined the term "bee venom therapy" in 1935,{{cite book |last=Kim |first=Christpher M.H. |date=4 June 2013 |chapter=Chapter 4: Apitherapy — Bee Venom Therapy |editor1-last=Grassberger |editor1-first=Martin |editor2-last=Sherman |editor2-first=Ronald A. |editor3-last=Gileva |editor3-first=Olga S. |editor4-last=Kim |editor4-first=Christopher M.H. |editor5-last=Mumcuoglu |editor5-first=Kosta |title=Biotherapy – History, principles and practice: A practical guide to the diagnosis and treatment of disease using living organisms|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcJEAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-007-6585-6|pages=77–78}} and to beekeeper Charles Mraz (1905–1999) in the latter half of the twentieth century.{{cite web|title=History of Apitherapy|url=http://medicineworld.org/alternative/apitherapy/history-of-apitherapy.html|publisher=Medicineworld.org|access-date=31 August 2016}} In 1957, the USSR Ministry of Health sanctioned use of bee venom to treat certain ailments by approval of Nikolay Artemov's "Instruction for Bee Sting Venom Apitherapy".{{cite book |last=Berenbaum |first=May R. |author-link=May Berenbaum |title=Bugs in the System: Insects and Their Impact on Human Affairs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jh-i1SD1Ll0C&pg=305 |date=January 1995 |publisher=Helix Books |isbn=978-0-201-62499-1 |page=175}}{{cite magazine |last=Palmer |first=D. J. |title=Collecting bee venom for research |date=27 February 1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eodgt6aCuo0C&pg=PA546 |magazine=New Scientist |location=London |volume=21 |issue=380 |pages=546–547 |issn=0262-4079}}

Humans have historically used bee products in various ways: beeswax was used in casting metals and making incendiary weapons, honey was used for food and religious offerings, propolis was used as an adhesive, and pollen was used for agricultural work such as plant breeding.{{Cite book|vauthors=Yaacov M, Lensky A|title=Bee products: properties, applications, and apitherapy|date=1997|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4757-9371-0|doi=10.1007/978-1-4757-9371-0 |oclc=1012443288|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4757-9371-0}} Much later, there was an attempt to use bee venom clinically via injection by J. Langer at the University of Prague in the late 1890s and 1930, a firm in south Germany named Mack produced bee venom solution commercially. Apitherapy is used in traditional medicine in countries in Europe, Asia, and South America including China, Korea, and Russia.

{{further|Honey#Medical use and research}}

Apitherapy is promoted as alternative medicine for several uses,{{cite book |last1=Barry R. |first1=Cassileth |author-link=Barrie R. Cassileth |title=The Complete Guide to Complementary Therapies in Cancer Care: Essential Information for Patients, Survivors and Health Professionals |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6kLNKw5baYC&pg=PA221 |year=2011 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4335-66-9 |pages=221–224 |chapter=Chapter 36: Apitherapy}} but its health claims are not supported by scientific evidence. Bee venom or other honeybee products are ineffective for the treatment or prevention of cancer.{{cite book |publisher=American Cancer Society |title=American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies |pages=704–708 |chapter=Apitherapy |edition=2nd |year=2009 |isbn=9780944235713 |editor1=Russell J |editor2=Rovere A |quote=practitioners claim ... bee venom can be used to treat various diseases, including several types of arthritis; neurological problems such as multiple sclerosis, lower back pain and migraine headaches; and skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and herpes.}} Evidence for using honey in wound treatment is of such low quality that firm conclusions cannot be drawn.{{Cite journal |title=Honey as a topical treatment for wounds |last1=Jull |first1=Andrew B. |last2=Cullum |first2=Nicky |last3=Dumville |first3=Jo C. |last4=Westby |first4=Maggie J. |last5=Deshpande |first5=Sohan |last6=Walker |first6=Natalie |year=2015 |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue=3 |pages = CD005083|pmid=25742878 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd005083.pub4 |pmc=9719456 |quote=Honey appears to heal partial thickness burns more quickly than conventional treatment (which included polyurethane film, paraffin gauze, soframycin-impregnated gauze, sterile linen and leaving the burns exposed) and infected post-operative wounds more quickly than antiseptics and gauze.}}{{cite journal |last1=Majtan |first1=J |title=Honey: an immunomodulator in wound healing |journal=Wound Repair and Regeneration |date=2014 |volume=22 |issue=2 Mar–Apr |pages=187–192 |doi=10.1111/wrr.12117 |pmid=24612472|s2cid=40188613 }}

Adverse reactions to bee venom therapy are frequent.{{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Jeong Hwen |last2=Yim |first2=Bo Kyung |last3=Lee |first3=Jun-Hwan |last4=Lee |first4=Sangun |last5=Kim |first5=Tae-Hun |date=21 May 2015 |title=Risk Associated with Bee Venom Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=5 |page= e0126971|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0126971|pmid=25996493 |pmc=4440710 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1026971P |doi-access=free }} Frequent exposure to the venom can also lead to arthropathy.{{cite journal|last1=Cuende|first1=E.|last2=Fraguas|first2=J.|last3=Pena|first3=J.E.|last4=Pena|first4=F.|last5=Garcia|first5=J.C.|last6=Gonzalez|first6=M.|title=Beekeeper's Arthropathy|journal=The Journal of Rheumatology|date=1999|volume=26|issue=12|pages=2684–2690|doi=10.1016/j.reuma.2018.02.012|pmid=29530760|s2cid=165720541 }} In sensitized persons, venom compounds can act as allergens, causing a spectrum of allergic reactions that can range from mild, local swelling to severe systemic reactions, anaphylactic shock, or even death.{{cite journal|last1=Vazquez-Revuelta, Madrigal-Burgaleta|title=Death due to Live Bee Acupuncture Apitherapy|volume=28|issue=1|pages=45–46|url=http://www.jiaci.org/revistas/vol28issue1_6-2.pdf|journal=The Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology|publisher=Esmon|access-date=21 March 2018|pmid=29461208|year=2018|doi=10.18176/jiaci.0202|doi-access=free}}

In March 2018, it was reported that a 55-year-old woman died after receiving "live bee acupuncture", suffering a severe anaphylactic episode which the apitherapy practitioner did not respond to by administering adrenaline.{{Cite news|url=https://www.sfgate.com/science/article/bee-sting-acupuncture-apitherapy-death-12768293.php|title=Woman dies after undergoing 'bee acupuncture' treatment famously touted by Gwyneth Paltrow|work=SFGate|access-date=2018-03-21}} While stabilized by ambulance personnel on the way to the hospital, she died a few weeks later from complications resulting in multiple organ failure.{{cite web|last1=Lagerquist|first1=Jeff|title=Woman's death after bee sting therapy shows the practice is 'unsafe': study|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/woman-s-death-after-bee-sting-therapy-shows-practice-is-unsafe-study-1.3850922|website=CTV News|date=20 March 2018|publisher=Bell Media|access-date=21 March 2018}}

Live bee acupuncture therapy is "unsafe and unadvisable", according to researchers who studied the case.

• List of ineffective cancer treatments
• Melittin

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Category:Alternative cancer treatments

Category:Bee products

Category:Biologically based therapies

Category:Naturopathy