Aquacultural engineering
{{more citations needed|date=August 2009}}
Aquacultural engineering is a multidisciplinary field of engineering and that aims to solve technical problems associated with farming aquatic vertebrates, invertebrates, and algae.{{cite book|author=Frederick Wheaton|title=Aquacultural Engineering|publisher=Kreiger Pub Co|year=1933 |isbn= 978-0-8946-4786-4}} Common aquaculture systems requiring optimization and engineering include sea cages, ponds, and recirculating systems.{{cite book |author=Odd-Ivar Lekang |url=https://aquafeedmachine.com/aquacultural-engineering/ |title=Aquaculture Engineering |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-470-67085-9 |edition=2nd |page=[https://archive.org/details/aquacultureengin00leka_569/page/n182 165] |url-access=limited}} The design and management of these systems is based on their production goals and the economics of the farming operation.{{cite journal |last=Colt |first=John |year=1990 |title=The Role of Engineering Disciplines in Aquaculture|journal=IChemE Symposium Series No. 111 |pages=1–17 }}
Aquaculture technology is varied with design and development requiring knowledge of mechanical, biological and environmental systems along with material engineering and instrumentation.{{cite book|author=Thomas B. Lawson|title=Fundamentals of Aquaculture Engineering|publisher=Springer US|year=1995|isbn=978-1-4615-7049-3}} Furthermore, engineering techniques often involve solutions borrowed from wastewater treatment, fisheries, and traditional agriculture.
Aquacultural engineering has played a role in the expansion of the aquaculture industry, which now accounts for half of all seafood products consumed in the world.{{Cite book|url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf|title=2016 The State of the Worlds Fisheries and Aquaculture|date=2016|website=Food and Agriculture Organization|publisher=United Nations|location=Rome, Italy|page=77|isbn=978-92-5-109185-2|access-date=2016-10-30}} To identify effective solutions the discipline is combined with both fish physiology and business economics knowledge.
Recirculating aquaculture systems
Recirculating aquaculture systems often involve intensive, high-density culture of a species with limited water usage and extensive filtration. In a typical recirculating aquaculture system, a series of filtration steps maintains a high level of water quality that promotes rapid fish growth.{{cite book|author=Michael B. Timmons and James B. Ebeling|title=Recirculating Aquaculture|edition= 3rd |publisher=Ithaca Publishing Company Publishers|year=2013|page=3 |isbn=978-0971264656}} Steps include solids removal, biofiltration, oxygenation, and pumping, with each one requiring different equipment and engineering considerations. Comprehensive instrumentation and sensor controls are required to monitor this equipment and the underlying water conditions such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH. Development of recirculating aquaculture systems is still underway in 2017, and engineering advances are needed to make the systems economically viable for culturing most species.
Research
The Journal of Aquacultural Engineering publishes engineers' studies related to the design and development of aquacultural systems.{{cite journal |title=Aims & Scope|url=http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405852/description#description|journal=Aquacultural Engineering |issn= 0144-8609|access-date=2009-08-23 }} Worldwide, universities provide aquacultural engineering education often under the umbrella of agricultural or biological engineering.
==See also==
References
{{Reflist}}
{{fishing industry topics|expanded=aquaculture}}
{{fisheries and fishing}}