Ara (constellation)

In ancient Greek mythology, Ara was identified as the altar where the gods first made offerings and formed an alliance before defeating the Titans.{{sfn|Ridpath|Tirion|2001|pp=82–83}} One of the southernmost constellations depicted by Ptolemy,{{cite book | title=The Lost Constellations | author=Barentine, John C. | chapter= Officina Typographica | date=23 November 2015 | page=13 | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-3-319-22794-8}} it had been recorded by Aratus in 270 BC as lying close to the horizon, and the Almagest portrays stars as far south as Gamma Arae. Professor Bradley Schaefer proposes such Ancients must have been able to see as far south as Zeta Arae, for a pattern that looked like an altar.{{cite journal | title=The latitude and epoch for the formation of the southern Greek constellations | author=Schaefer, Bradley E. |journal= Journal for the History of Astronomy| issn= 0021-8286|volume= 33| series= 4|issue=113| pages= 313–50 |year=2002| bibcode=2002JHA....33..313S| doi=10.1177/002182860203300401| s2cid=122459258 }}

File:Ara Bode.jpg's illustration of Ara, from his Uranographia (1801)]]

In illustrations, Ara is usually depicted as compact classical altar with its smoke 'rising' southward.{{sfn|Ridpath, Star Tales Ara}} However, depictions often vary. In the early days of printing, a 1482 woodcut of Gaius Julius Hyginus's classic Poeticon Astronomicon depicts the altar as surrounded by demons.{{cite book|last=Kanas|first=Nick|title=History, Artistry, and Cartography|edition=Second|date=2012|publisher=Praxis Publishing|location=Chichester, U.K.|isbn=978-1-4614-0916-8|page=136|doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-0917-5|s2cid=239353025 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1481587}} Johann Bayer in 1603 depicted Ara as an altar with burning incense. Indeed, frankincense burners were common throughout the Levant especially in the Yemen, where they are known as Mabkhara. This required live coals or burning embers called Jamra', in order to burn the incense. Willem Blaeu, a Dutch uranographer of the 16th and 17th centuries, drew Ara as an altar for sacrifices, with a burning animal offering unusually whose smoke rises northward, represented by Alpha Arae.

The Castle of Knowledge by Robert Record of 1556 lists the constellation stating that "Under the Scorpions tayle, standeth the Altar.";The Castle of Knowledge containing the Explication of the Sphere both Celestiall and Materiall, etc., 1st edition, 1556; Robert Record, London; R. Wolfe (printer) STC 20796 a decade later a translation of a fairly recent mainly astrological work by Marcellus Palingenius of 1565, by Barnabe Googe states "Here mayst thou both the Altar, and the myghty Cup beholde."The zodiake of life written by the godly and zealous poet Marcellus Palingenius Stellatus, wherein are conteyned twelve bookes, new edition, 1565 (1 vol.); Barnabe Googe, London; Henry Denham (printer), for Rafe Newberye dwelling in Fleete streate, Anno. 1565. Aprilis. 18; STC 1915

In Chinese astronomy, the stars of the constellation Ara lie within The Azure Dragon of the East ({{lang|zh|東方青龍}}, {{Transliteration|zh|Dōng Fāng Qīng Lóng}}).{{sfn|AEEA|2006}} Five stars of Ara formed {{Transliteration|zh|Guī}} ({{lang|zh|龜}}), a tortoise, while another three formed {{Transliteration|zh|Chǔ}} ({{lang|zh|杵}}), a pestle.

The Wardaman people of the Northern Territory in Australia saw the stars of Ara and the neighbouring constellation Pavo as flying foxes.{{cite book |last=Harney |first=Bill Yidumduma |author2=Cairns, Hugh C. |title=Dark Sparklers |publisher=Hugh C. Cairns |location=Merimbula, New South Wales |date=2004 |orig-year=2003 |edition=Revised |page=201 |isbn=978-0-9750908-0-0}}

Covering 237.1 square degrees and hence 0.575% of the sky, Ara ranks 63rd of the 88 modern constellations by area.{{cite web| url=http://www.ianridpath.com/constellations1.html | title=Constellations: Andromeda–Indus | work= Star Tales |author=Ridpath, Ian |author-link=Ian Ridpath|publisher=self-published | access-date= 18 September 2016}} Its position in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere means that the whole constellation is visible to observers south of 22°N.{{efn|1=Although parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between the 22°N and 44°N, stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.}} Scorpius runs along the length of its northern border, while Norma and Triangulum Australe border it to the west, Apus to the south, and Pavo and Telescopium to the east respectively. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union, is "Ara".{{cite journal | last=Russell | first=Henry Norris |author-link=Henry Norris Russell | title=The New International Symbols for the Constellations | journal=Popular Astronomy | volume=30 | page=469 | bibcode=1922PA.....30..469R | date=1922 }} The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930,{{efn|1=Delporte had proposed standardising the constellation boundaries to the International Astronomical Union, who had agreed and gave him the lead role{{cite web| url=http://www.ianridpath.com/boundaries.html | title=Constellation boundaries: How the modern constellation outlines came to be| work= Star Tales |author=Ridpath, Ian |author-link=Ian Ridpath|publisher=self-published | access-date= 18 September 2016}}}} are defined by a polygon of twelve segments. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between {{RA|16|36.1}} and {{RA|18|10.4}}, while the declination coordinates are between −45.49° and −67.69°.

Image:Constellation Ara.jpg

{{See also|List of stars in Ara}}

Bayer gave eight stars Bayer designations, labelling them Alpha through to Theta, though he had never seen the constellation directly as it never rises above the horizon in Germany. After charting the southern constellations, French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille recharted the stars of Ara from Alpha through to Sigma, including three pairs of stars next to each other as Epsilon, Kappa and Nu.{{sfn|Wagman|2003|pp=42–43}}

Ara contains part of the Milky Way to the south of Scorpius and thus has rich star fields.{{sfn|Ridpath|Tirion|2001|pp=82–83}} Within the constellation's borders, there are 71 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5.{{efn|1=Objects of magnitude 6.5 are among the faintest visible to the unaided eye in suburban-rural transition night skies.{{cite web|url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/darksky/3304011.html?page=1&c=y|title=The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale|last=Bortle|first=John E.|date=February 2001|work=Sky & Telescope|access-date=26 August 2015}}}}

Beta Arae, apparent magnitude 2.85, is the brightest star in the constellation, about 0.1 mag brighter than Alpha Arae although the difference in brightness between the two is undetectable by the unaided eye.{{cite web | first1=James B. | last1=Kaler | work=Stars | title=BETA ARA (Beta Arae) | publisher=University of Illinois | url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/betaara.html | access-date=17 September 2016}} Beta is an orange-hued star of spectral type K3Ib-IIa that has been classified as a supergiant or bright giant,{{cite journal | last1=De Medeiros | first1=J. R. | last2=Udry | first2=S. | last3=Burki | first3=G. | last4=Mayor | first4=M. | title=A catalog of rotational and radial velocities for evolved stars. II. Ib supergiant stars | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=395 | pages=97–98 |date=November 2002 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20021214 | bibcode=2002A&A...395...97D | url=http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2002/43/aa2890.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2002/43/aa2890.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live | doi-access=free }} and lies around 650 light-years from Earth. It is over 8 times as massive and 5,636 times as luminous as the Sun.{{cite journal|bibcode=2015A&A...582A..49H|arxiv=1506.06095|title=Gaia FGK benchmark stars: Effective temperatures and surface gravities|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=582|pages=A49|last1=Heiter|first1=U.|last2=Jofré|first2=P.|last3=Gustafsson|first3=B.|last4=Korn|first4=A. J.|last5=Soubiran|first5=C.|last6=Thévenin|first6=F.|year=2015|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201526319|s2cid=53391939}} Close to Beta Arae is Gamma Arae, a blue-hued supergiant of spectral type B1Ib. Of apparent magnitude 3.3, it is 1110 ± 60 light-years from Earth. It has been estimated to be between 12.5 and 25 times as massive as the Sun,{{cite journal | last1=Tetzlaff | first1=N. | last2=Neuhäuser | first2=R. | last3=Hohle | first3=M. M. | title=A catalogue of young runaway Hipparcos stars within 3 kpc from the Sun | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume=410 | issue=1 | pages=190–200 |date=2011 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17434.x | doi-access=free | bibcode=2011MNRAS.410..190T |arxiv = 1007.4883 | s2cid=118629873 }}{{cite journal | last1=Lefever | first1=K. | last2=Puls | first2=J. | last3=Aerts | first3=C. | title=Statistical properties of a sample of periodically variable B-type supergiants. Evidence for opacity-driven gravity-mode oscillations | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=463 | issue=3 | pages=1093–1109 |date=March 2007 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20066038 | bibcode=2007A&A...463.1093L |arxiv = astro-ph/0611484 | s2cid=8783008 }} and have around 120,000 times its luminosity.

Alpha Arae is a blue-white main sequence star of magnitude 2.95, that is 270 ± 20 light-years from Earth.{{cite journal | title=Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction | last=van Leeuwen | first=F. | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=474 | issue=2 |date=November 2007 | pages=653–64 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 | bibcode=2007A&A...474..653V |arxiv = 0708.1752 | s2cid=18759600 }} This star is around 9.6 times as massive as the Sun, and has an average of 4.5 times its radius.{{cite journal | last1=Meilland | first1=A. | last2=Stee | first2=Ph. | last3=Chesneau | first3=O. | last4=Jones | first4=C. | title=VLTI/MIDI observations of 7 classical Be stars | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=505 | issue=2 | pages=687–93 |date=2009 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200911960 | bibcode=2009A&A...505..687M |arxiv = 0908.1239 | s2cid=12694072 }} It is 5,800 times as luminous as the Sun,{{cite journal | title=First direct detection of a Keplerian rotating disk around the Be star α Arae using AMBER/VLTI | first1=A. | last1=Meilland | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=464 | issue=1 |date=March 2007 | pages=59–71 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20064848 | bibcode=2007A&A...464...59M |arxiv = astro-ph/0606404 | s2cid=55225830 |display-authors=etal| url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00078768 }}. See Tables 1 and 4 for parameters of the star, circumstellar disk, and polar winds. its energy emitted from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 18,044 K. A Be star, Alpha Arae is surrounded by a dense equatorial disk of material in Keplerian (rather than uniform) rotation. The star is losing mass by a polar stellar wind with a terminal velocity of approximately 1,000 km/s.{{cite journal | title=First VLTI/MIDI observations of a Be star: Alpha Arae |author1=Chesneau, O. |author2=Meilland, A. |author3=Rivinius, T. |author4=Stee, Ph. |author5=Jankov, S. |author6=Domiciano de Souza, A. |author7=Graser, U. |author8=Herbst, T. |author9=Janot-Pacheco, E. |author10=Koehler, R. |author11=Leinert, C. |author12=Morel, S. |author13=Paresce, F. |author14=Richichi, A. |author15=Robbe-Dubois, S. |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=435|issue=1 |year=2005| pages=275–287|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20041954|bibcode=2005A&A...435..275C|arxiv = astro-ph/0501162 |s2cid=16747094 }}

The third brightest star in Ara at magnitude 3.13 is Zeta Arae,{{cite web |last1=Kaler |first1=Jim |title=Zeta Arae |url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/zetaara.html |website=Stars |publisher=University of Illinois |date=13 July 2012|access-date=12 September 2019}} an orange giant of spectral type K3III that is located 490 ± 10 light-years from Earth. Around 7–8 times as massive as the Sun, it has swollen to a diameter around 114 times that of the Sun and is 3800 times as luminous.{{cite journal|bibcode=2013MNRAS.434..437C|arxiv=1306.3288|title=Fundamental parameters of 16 late-type stars derived from their angular diameter measured with VLTI/AMBER|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=434|issue=1|pages=437|last1=Cruzalèbes|first1=P.|last2=Jorissen|first2=A.|last3=Rabbia|first3=Y.|last4=Sacuto|first4=S.|last5=Chiavassa|first5=A.|last6=Pasquato|first6=E.|last7=Plez|first7=B.|last8=Eriksson|first8=K.|last9=Spang|first9=A.|last10=Chesneau|first10=O.|year=2013|doi=10.1093/mnras/stt1037|doi-access=free |s2cid=49573767}} Were it not dimmer by intervening interstellar dust, it would be significantly brighter at magnitude 2.11.

Delta Arae is a blue-white main sequence star of spectral type B8Vn and magnitude 3.6, 198 ± 4 light-years from Earth. It is around 3.56 times as massive as the Sun.{{cite journal | last1=Shaya | first1=Ed J. | last2=Olling | first2=Rob P. | title=Very Wide Binaries and Other Comoving Stellar Companions: A Bayesian Analysis of the Hipparcos Catalogue | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement | volume=192 | issue=1 | page=2 |date=January 2011 | doi=10.1088/0067-0049/192/1/2 | bibcode=2011ApJS..192....2S |arxiv = 1007.0425 | s2cid=119226823 }}

Epsilon¹ Arae is an orange giant of apparent magnitude 4.1, 360 ± 10 light-years distant from Earth. It is around 74% more massive than the Sun. At an age of about 1.7 billion years, the outer envelope of the star has expanded to almost 34 times the Sun's radius.{{cite journal | last1=da Silva | first1=L. | last2=Girardi | first2=L. | last3=Pasquini | first3=L. | last4=Setiawan | first4=J. | last5=von der Lühe | first5=O. | last6=de Medeiros | first6=J. R. | last7=Hatzes | first7=A. | last8=Döllinger | first8=M. P. | last9=Weiss | first9=A. | title=Basic physical parameters of a selected sample of evolved stars | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=458 | issue=2 |date=November 2006 | pages=609–623 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20065105 | bibcode=2006A&A...458..609D |arxiv = astro-ph/0608160 | s2cid=9341088 }}

Eta Arae is an orange giant of apparent magnitude 3.76, located 299 ± 5 light-years distant from Earth. Estimated to be around five billion years old, it has reached the giant star stage of its evolution. With 1.12 times the mass of the Sun, it has an outer envelope that has expanded to 40 times the Sun's radius.{{cite journal | title=Stellar parameters and chemical abundances of 223 evolved stars with and without planets | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=574 | pages=A50 | year=2015 | last1=Jofré | first1=E. | last2=Petrucci | first2=R. | last3=Saffe | first3=C. | last4=Saker | first4=L. | last5=de la Villarmois | first5=E. Artur | last6=Chavero | first6=C. | last7=Gómez | first7=M. | last8=Mauas | first8=P. J. D. | bibcode=2015A&A...574A..50J | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201424474 | arxiv=1410.6422 | s2cid=53666931 }} The star is now spinning so slowly that it takes more than eleven years to complete a single rotation.{{cite journal | last1=Setiawan | first1=J. | last2=Pasquini | first2=L. | last3=da Silva | first3=L. | last4=Hatzes | first4=A. P. | last5=von der Lühe | first5=O. | last6=Girardi | first6=L. | last7=de Medeiros | first7=J. R. | last8=Guenther | first8=E. | title=Precise radial velocity measurements of G and K giants. Multiple systems and variability trend along the Red Giant Branch | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=421 | pages=241–254 |date=July 2004 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20041042-1 | bibcode=2004A&A...421..241S | doi-access=free }}

GX 339-4 (V821 Arae) is a moderately strong variable galactic low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) source[http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=GX+339-4 SIMBAD]Bradt, H.V.D., and McClintock, J.E., Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 21, 13-66 (1983) and black-hole candidate that flares from time to time. From spectroscopic measurements, the mass of the black-hole was found to be at least of 5.8 solar masses.{{Cite journal|title = Dynamical Evidence for a Black Hole in GX 339-4|author1=Hynes, R. I. |author2=Steeghs, D. |author3=Casares, J. |author4=Charles, P. A. |author5=O'Brien, K. |date = February 2003|journal = The Astrophysical Journal| volume = 583| issue = 2, pp. L95–L98|doi = 10.1086/368108|bibcode=2003ApJ...583L..95H |pages=L95–L98|arxiv = astro-ph/0301127 |s2cid=16820881 }}

Exoplanets have been discovered in seven star systems in the constellation.{{Cite book|title=The Star Atlas Companion : What You Need to Know about the Constellations|last=Bagnall|first= Philip M. |date=2012|publisher=Springer |pages= 50–54| location=New York | isbn=9781461408307|oclc=794225463}} Mu Arae (Cervantes{{cite web | url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/ | title=Naming Stars |publisher=IAU.org |access-date=30 July 2018}}) is a sunlike star that hosts four planets.{{Cite journal|author=Pepe, F.|title=The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. IX. μ Ara, a system with four planets|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=462|issue=2|pages=769–776|year=2006|arxiv=astro-ph/0608396|last2= Correia|first2=A. C. M.|last3= Mayor|first3=M.|last4= Tamuz|first4=O.|last5= Benz|first5=W.|last6= Bertaux|first6=J. -L.|last7= Bouchy|first7=F.|last8= Couetdic|first8=J.|last9= Laskar|first9=J.|last10= Lovis|first10=C.|last11= Naef|first11=D.|last12= Queloz|first12=D.|last13= Santos|first13=N. C.|last14= Sivan|first14=J. -P.|last15= Sosnowska|first15=D.|last16= Udry|first16=S.|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20066194|bibcode = 2007A&A...462..769P |s2cid=119071803}} HD 152079 is a sunlike star with a jupiter-like planet with an orbital period of 2097 ± 930 days.{{cite journal | title=Five Long-period Extrasolar Planets in Eccentric orbits from the Magellan Planet Search Program | last1=Arriagada | first1=Pamela | last2=Butler | first2=R. Paul | last3=Minniti | first3=Dante | last4=López-Morales | first4=Mercedes | last5=Shectman | first5=Stephen A. | last6=Adams | first6=Fred C. | last7=Boss | first7=Alan P. | last8=Chambers | first8=John E. | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=711 | issue=2 | pages=1229–35 | date=2010 | arxiv=1001.4093 | bibcode=2010ApJ...711.1229A | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/711/2/1229 | s2cid=118682009 }} HD 154672 is an ageing sunlike star with a Hot Jupiter. HD 154857 is a sunlike star with one confirmed and one suspected planet. HD 156411 is a star hotter and larger than the sun with a gas giant planet in orbit. Gliese 674 is a nearby red dwarf star with a planet. Gliese 676 is a binary star system composed of two red dwarves with four planets.

File:IC 4653 a Familiar Sight.jpg galaxy taken by Hubble.{{cite web |title=A Familiar Sight |url=https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1942a/ |website=www.spacetelescope.org |access-date=23 October 2019 |language=en}}]]

The northwest corner of Ara is crossed by the galactic plane of the Milky Way and contains several open clusters (notably NGC 6200) and diffuse nebulae (including the bright cluster/nebula pair NGC 6188 and NGC 6193). The brightest of the globular clusters, sixth magnitude NGC 6397, lies at a distance of just {{convert|6500|ly|km}}, making it one of the closest globular clusters to the Solar System.{{sfn|Dunlop|2005}}

Ara also contains Westerlund 1, a super star cluster containing itself the possible red supergiant Westerlund 1-237 and the red supergiant Westerlund 1-26. The latter is one of the largest stars known with an estimate varying between {{solar radius|1,168|link=y}}{{cite thesis |doi=10.11606/D.14.2019.tde-12092018-161841 |title=The Red Supergiants in the Supermassive Stellar Cluster Westerlund 1 |year=2019 |last1=Arévalo |first1=Aura |doi-access=free |lang=en |publisher=University of São Paulo |type=Master's thesis}} and {{solar radius|2,519|link=y}}.{{Cite journal|arxiv=1209.6427|last1=Fok|first1=Thomas K. T.|title=Maser Observations of Westerlund 1 and Comprehensive Considerations on Maser Properties of Red Supergiants Associated with Massive Clusters|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=760|issue=1|pages=65|last2=Nakashima|first2=Jun-ichi|last3=Yung|first3=Bosco H. K.|last4=Hsia|first4=Chih-Hao|last5=Deguchi|first5=Shuji|year=2012|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/760/1/65|bibcode=2012ApJ...760...65F|s2cid=53393926}}

Although Ara lies close to the heart of the Milky Way, two spiral galaxies (NGC 6215 and NGC 6221) are visible near star Eta Arae.{{sfn|Dunlop|2005}}

• NGC 6193 is an open cluster containing approximately 30 stars with an overall magnitude of 5.0 and a size of 0.25 square degrees, about half the size of the full Moon. It is approximately 4200 light-years from Earth. It has one bright member, a double star with a blue-white hued primary of magnitude 5.6 and a secondary of magnitude 6.9. NGC 6193 is surrounded by NGC 6188, a faint nebula only normally visible in long-exposure photographs.{{sfn|Ridpath|Tirion|2001|pp=82–83}}
• NGC 6200
• NGC 6204
• NGC 6208
• NGC 6250
• NGC 6253
• IC 4651

• NGC 6352
• NGC 6362
• NGC 6397 is a globular cluster with an overall magnitude of 6.0; it is visible to the naked eye under exceptionally dark skies and is normally visible in binoculars. It is a fairly close globular cluster, at a distance of 10,500 light-years.{{sfn|Ridpath|Tirion|2001|pp=82–83}}

• The Stingray Nebula (Hen 3–1357), the youngest known planetary nebula as of 2010, formed in Ara; the light from its formation was first observable around 1987.
• NGC 6326. A planetary nebula that might have a binary system at its center.

{{Notelist

| notes =

{{efn

| name = pronunciation

| Random House Dictionary

}}

}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book

| last = Dunlop

| first = Storm

| date = 2005

| title = Atlas of the Night Sky

| url = https://archive.org/details/collinsatlasofni0000dunl

| url-access = registration

| publisher = Collins

| isbn = 978-0-00-717223-8

}}

• {{cite book

| last1 = Ridpath

| first1 = Ian

| last2 = Tirion

| first2 = Wil

| date = 2001

| title = Stars and Planets Guide

| publisher = Princeton University Press

| isbn = 978-0-691-08913-3

}}

• {{cite book

| last1 = Ridpath

| first1 = Ian

| last2 = Tirion

| first2 = Wil

| date = 2007

| title = Stars and Planets Guide

| edition = 4th

| publisher = Princeton University Press

| isbn = 978-0-691-13556-4

}}

• {{cite book

| last = Staal

| first = Julius D.W.

| date = 1988

| title = The New Patterns in the Sky

| publisher = McDonald and Woodward Publishing Company

| isbn = 978-0-939923-04-5

}}

• {{cite book| last = Wagman |first = Morton| date = 2003| title = Lost Stars: Lost, Missing and Troublesome Stars from the Catalogues of Johannes Bayer, Nicholas Louis de Lacaille, John Flamsteed, and Sundry Others| publisher = The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company| location = Blacksburg, VA| isbn = 978-0-939923-78-6 }}

Online sources

• {{cite web

| language = zh

| title = AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 1 日

| date = 2006

| url = http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0607/ap060701.html

| access-date = 10 July 2012

| ref = {{sfnRef|AEEA|2006}}

}}

• {{cite web

| last = Ridpath

| first = Ian

| title = Ara

| work = Star Tales

| url = http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ara.html

| access-date = 7 June 2012

| ref = {{sfnRef|Ridpath, Star Tales Ara}}

}}

{{Commons and category|Ara|Ara (constellation)}}

• [http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/norma/ The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Ara]
• [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017077 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (medieval and early modern images of Ara)]

{{Stars of Ara}}

{{Constellations}}

{{Greek religion|state=collapsed}}

{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Sky|17|23|24|-|53|34|48|10}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ara (Constellation)}}

Category:Constellations

Category:Southern constellations

Category:Constellations listed by Ptolemy